Chapter 20. Chapter 20: Feeding the World - A Gene Revolution

What is the focus of the next Green Revolution...?

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Guiding Question 20.4

What is the focus of the next "Green Revolution" and how do researchers get new, desired traits into crops?

Why You Should Care

Advances in molecular biology and genetic engineering have brought modern agriculture into a brave new world. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are arguably the centerpiece of the next ‘green revolution’ in farming methods. Genetic modification of domesticated plants and animals has been around for millennia in the form of selective breeding and grafting, but the technology now exists to insert into crop or livestock genes that did not evolve in their species. There are several ways to do this, including simply ‘shooting’ the genes into cells and using an intermediate carrier, such as a bacterium or virus to deliver the gene into cells. So far, no genetically modified animal has been approved for consumption. Most of the modifications to crops center around increasing harvests, by reducing the labor and chemicals needed to grow them: genes to make them resistant to herbicides (weed killers) or produce their own pesticides. Some crops have been further modified to make them easier to ship, such as slowing their ripening.

Question Test Your Vocabulary

Choose the correct term from the drop-down for each of the following definitions:

1. Organisms that have had their genetic information altered to give them desirable characteristics such as pest or drought resistance: EwemhjDW0i6jJ8yZuj14UhyNlhs1Y85G2L9RJJNWELQp/+rLrshEz9gUriDkH5QMXi8TsTjNjbj1BeKVVOKDkvNznDbb+6QhfL2H/+EymRFLzgC2NONncg==.

2. An organism that contains genes from another species is a pLECjNLaFL8OltET0vTNv1EskHDkEvqU8iD7NJYmuiqYjsviQPSAkQDflZHdYITOCnKd2iafBIVoqOQpg0HN3amOtbg5o7o+4ubCf9+KE74uohF+.

3. The zci1D+iK2++4iER+UBALW9n9N6PGBFeB1E0sJ0qkAlGbPCYEA5ukwUUH0SsH15G4+qZq6+SD82BA5WpFvmVF9qhmHlWd6jQv was a change in agricultural practices that focused on the production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to increase crop productivity or create new varieties of crops.

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Question 20.1

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Question 20.2

Bacillus thuringiensis is _________________. (check all that apply)

a. A bacterium wg8JNehuALfILP6S

b. The source of the pesticide Bt wg8JNehuALfILP6S

c. Used to transfer new genes into plant cells 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

d. Harmful to most plants 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

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Question 20.3

Plasmids are _________________. (check all that apply)

a. Organelles based on chloroplasts 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

b. Small circular pieces of DNA wg8JNehuALfILP6S

c. Naturally found in bacteria wg8JNehuALfILP6S

d. Used to transfer new genes into plant cells wg8JNehuALfILP6S

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Question 20.4

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Question 20.5

Golden rice is a variety of GMO rice with genes from different organisms (including daffodils and corn) added to make it produce vitamin A in the edible part of the rice. It was developed because most areas of the world with widespread vitamin-A deficiencies (which can cause blindness in children) also consume most of their dietary calories as rice. Choose the correct order of steps for creating golden rice.

Image Step
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Infographic 20.6

Question 20.6

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Question 20.7

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Question 20.8

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Question 20.9

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Question 20.10

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This is an opinion question, of course, but you might make the case that it is generally best to exercise caution when you don't know if any of the gene products in these animals might be potentially hazardous to your health.

Question 20.11

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1) to be resistant to pesticides
2) to produce their own pesticides
3) to be more nutritious
4) to grow faster
Another example is fruit engineered to ripen more slowly.