Chapter 22. Chapter 22: Agriculture: Raising Crops

What kind of sustainable methods can help reduce the environmental impact of industrial farming?

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Guiding Question 22.3

What kind of sustainable methods can help reduce the environmental impact of industrial farming?

Why You Should Care

There are several points to consider when attempting to make modern farming more sustainable. First, there are the crops themselves: Can they be grown in a way that does not deplete soil resources and does not require excessive fertilizing? Will we have to convert more natural areas to farmland and pastures? Will we have to use poisons that could harm ecosystems, such as pesticides, herbicides, and antibiotics? Next, there are other natural resources to consider besides land: water, soil, and fossil fuels especially. To farm sustainably, we must start developing methods to reduce the need and use of these resources. The most sustainable farming practices emulate natural ecological processes. Methods like planting nitrogen-fixing cover crops, integrated pest management, and polyculture planting reduce the need for synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Several different methods are now used to prevent soil loss and degradation from over tilling, including: contour farming and no- or low-tillage cultivation. The duck/rice farm method is a great example of modeling an ecological community in order to benefit from all of the services provided by such a community.

Question Test Your Vocabulary

Choose the correct term for each of the following definitions:

Term Definition
oqaY6/o0gfDWhcEIx64vE0ivemgjGYUttXqJjVOlFJ3z7v878hSbxHsRNgiAvKaP1KRe+hmEpg52K/RKWb+3NIZ7cT5R7ktMIo0+nz4i5Hze+391Lcn5xDqFNIGpTcr6Ztw5YurH3IQJCbrvW3NyGgkV3I2q3e5S89q6bRbaabWbxRCpVf7I26g+jGuwwNnpn0JBlQwvaMY= A crop planted in the off season to help prevent soil erosion and to return nutrients to the soil.
rR4kcueZmsKKDyFgpNv9E2JaWnt5HUr6ev6bvUjSSRiznqsjviZgiwWZ7U8PDsrJufV1BuzV07Y/X6YDET6TAjVgke/qF0y3SCLciw8bmKeOklS0dREQmm/B89GGUzLT2IrS6REoCWbUFJ2xaNgz8cgkDlIV4vZrCmxrqE8P+xwy/w6sl0OK5vcfWseM+h1Dl4aMDyQHXXs= When farming on hilly land, rows are planted along the slope, following the lay of the land, rather than oriented downhill.
1UJY0pq8dTc01bYU7Gdz2xA5BZnve66NGmwGb/MNY8iPmss8OYueqYcody6BAMPALMyBvxoacbK00U0nzEos+ym+fCNsJZkYiczzMd5tELwdaQJy4N3cimj3+2KP202OEe+oRghWROxwfK4jUc0NZc7IHhQ7HIISXaf/hBG9mtLUF4PzRXn+rN9N3s8a8+qZnPza5lsBqT8= The use of a variety of methods to control a pest population with the goal of minimizing or eliminating the use of chemical toxins.
02tUQ0NqxShYDuS8pT3MzZZu0NaF2j47dMtq/EWU5Ft06dHdYItZwBTrAJOXovJ3pizziXWxRieMHptPis3ipWxcVsVcTdqd69AxTG3RF6tCbHFiwkJPwPKfFSiL5DlPr9OXsRLySMtpZ6TVKeOR/rLtjIE2WAnN0FdjR/sso4hGXznF57GS3e0PXE2M23IoMPqNCcUtQ9E= Planting crops in soil that is minimally disturbed and still retains some plant residue from the previous planting.
ajj0jqhLeSYcKUNmBj0GHFRnRtGhYvNKPFVx04LrUeiDitefgRQS7dFU+nBd9dCTSuV8vubM8aC4yn+ztIDl4shJ9yviwwX7UrgTKJ1wxrn5FPI1t6JtY4cl2Q+/vbH+iJa5AJPhw+/FbIULrfIfKATqDip3Tumw1IQ14+4inUuEf9swJzz19vOkBYfQ28S0EAQtKYH6LuQ= On steep slopes, land is leveled into steps; reduces soil erosion and runoff down the hillside.
a5XgKzP/kGT/NkXPaTI7uxNqOlT1iK47NJrfyFhDilTTWY29rqvoXDeZv+noal7RsvSjX2nJqOTcWc+am44YYbPZ47onOaF4JSXu6Z8E6ObMeOBDdnIAhFWHj65dBl199C3GDJYarrbda+UkfFdJBx0uvKmPISwUHBdxIsREAVBwZY9uBgONS9Ez8Kjk2zV1VIfaGqX6O/E= Alternating different crops in adjacent strips, several rows wide; helps keep pest populations low.
yDC9yyjePvEBqssMJ2eFqLbxkEBK+RH6MXC1xtpiDNCKVmt0FApxm3+11x78jlqOgwwfvyEJzmKM/mTokIW8ZHKokc5fhtNilSlCoMd6JflZhLISFffFnzD8vMcfzx9wkeDDVEd2l3mFsaNlRIeoDAZTQM84ixgxQrOBVjaUygRj0Kk8GYG4pljuJcNghbyO32KL//eUNms= Planting different crops on a given plot of land every few years to maintain soil fertility and reduce pest outbreaks.
QbZqPp65lBgTG+xxGdRYKUNXXDM2XCxJPtMG3yzNsp426U5Fhk5euwj/j4BOsh2AdeYGtvUADuS+WzU6zqvdi0U1p4etFaM7HK2mzTnGari6+O3hf0j259RngUeSMMmQtUfAYzBi01tvDKIcAZ5Y1tu2J8pVhLeWhYVdNLlb5UkuNVI02CG6EhObpyS/m0jZ/NcdRVaVbHc= Scientific field that considers the area’s ecology and indigenous knowledge, favoring methods that protect the environment and meet the needs of local people.
rdROUe8RUpRzhJ9sMzhuG8YkDHQsqkPGqawR8W5ubXCVzL3uwoH8yupXeWkWumLFpgZYdoTSpQPYfIutWuvfhrDSpfo7ZNPKZlTmNGMeLEofnBZA9+0yzbuP79b/i8mKnR7v5nl9wtb7Zdo1ooeoDY0LJCwzdEFKJGJ7gBhV6BcD6STEZLXajR9CMvfSSCKoAKRZzBxhXbg= Farming method in which a mix of different species are grown together in one area.
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Question 22.1

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Question 22.2

9bydKYuAovd1p6neDIUpwbOSFVc7pBOsrzH0/3lQnyP6kwQzDmYPCsUpv5D2eHM06wxfzA6WWIbH02VtijF48a6PksVuSQPW6EspAU5E0idiHRlvXFSrCJBRIwWTP40EM3OdKOwoU7IV/zZ6AO8Xwg6RdZ/QDQhHAvDgjw0O15Cb4pi4LOnMUr6PwBFmUPwrDZkXRaJyCAw55SWTKiS1WQ2lnKjoEBDDC6ltMKysqZ5jj6qHGEpi8ZM0FNx4Rbond94/jCAVyQTqZu1K7vwAUjkYX6N44bp5ltqRxlhEdPPV/5hfFrm256EoilfIFXhgXT5I4ffDyutuqhKwJMRTWn/mF6AnncyRuW68GmCziNtw5ZCMtpN5KngyOP0cAXwwpLAryOLEtpNFj48NLhKJoPPCI+b+k8VRJMQbJ4UpzGRhF7nE8Ih7s87zQs7AU1iF+pnDUIVx+uot+f0K7rpgv8jNqEDcO2cruRONZBh229g=
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Question 22.3

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Question 22.4

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Question 22.5

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Infographic 18.3: Integrated Farming: The Duck/Rice Farm
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Correct. Besides the rice, the ducks and the fish can also be sold. Azolla does not have a market value.
Incorrect. Besides the rice, the ducks and the fish can also be sold. Azolla does not have a market value.
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Question 22.6

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Infographic 18.3: Integrated Farming: The Duck/Rice Farm
{"title":"Duck","description":"","type":"incorrect","color":"#99CCFF","code":"[{\"shape\":\"poly\",\"coords\":\"203,77,208,74,222,67,228,60,220,65,226,58,230,56,237,57,242,62,246,68,246,76,244,81,247,86,246,88,253,84,259,80,264,78,270,76,283,74,297,75,311,76,328,78,340,77,329,95,324,100,305,103,294,105,259,108,247,106,234,103,223,96,218,89,218,86,221,80,224,74,218,69,224,75,208,80,198,76,221,64,226,64\"}]"} {"title":"Fish","description":"","type":"correct","color":"#993300","code":"[{\"shape\":\"poly\",\"coords\":\"180,188,178,176,180,188,182,192,192,193,205,189,212,186,218,187,224,187,228,185,230,183,226,180,237,177,243,174,246,173,254,175,258,176,263,173,259,172,254,170,264,167,278,160,286,161,294,161,298,159,298,157,291,157,291,154,311,151,324,138,320,127,280,145,262,147,264,142,260,139,255,135,242,139,240,146,234,152,196,171,178,186\"}]"} {"title":"Rice","description":"","type":"incorrect","color":"#333300","code":"[{\"shape\":\"rect\",\"coords\":\"99,11,184,203\"}]"} {"title":"Azolla","description":"","type":"correct","color":"#000080","code":"[{\"shape\":\"poly\",\"coords\":\"266,112,268,138,185,147,189,112,189,112\"}]"}
Correct. Most Rice varieties are grown in water to discourage weeds, but only because rice can tolerate flooding well, not because it needs to be flooded.
Incorrect. Most Rice varieties are grown in water to discourage weeds, but only because rice can tolerate flooding well, not because it needs to be flooded.
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Question 22.7

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Infographic 18.3: Integrated Farming: The Duck/Rice Farm
{"title":"Duck","description":"","type":"correct","color":"#99CCFF","code":"[{\"shape\":\"poly\",\"coords\":\"203,77,208,74,222,67,228,60,220,65,226,58,230,56,237,57,242,62,246,68,246,76,244,81,247,86,246,88,253,84,259,80,264,78,270,76,283,74,297,75,311,76,328,78,340,77,329,95,324,100,305,103,294,105,259,108,247,106,234,103,223,96,218,89,218,86,221,80,224,74,218,69,224,75,208,80,198,76,221,64,226,64\"}]"} {"title":"Fish","description":"","type":"correct","color":"#993300","code":"[{\"shape\":\"poly\",\"coords\":\"180,188,178,176,180,188,182,192,192,193,205,189,212,186,218,187,224,187,228,185,230,183,226,180,237,177,243,174,246,173,254,175,258,176,263,173,259,172,254,170,264,167,278,160,286,161,294,161,298,159,298,157,291,157,291,154,311,151,324,138,320,127,280,145,262,147,264,142,260,139,255,135,242,139,240,146,234,152,196,171,178,186\"}]"} {"title":"Rice","description":"","type":"incorrect","color":"#333300","code":"[{\"shape\":\"rect\",\"coords\":\"99,11,184,203\"}]"} {"title":"Azolla","description":"","type":"correct","color":"#000080","code":"[{\"shape\":\"poly\",\"coords\":\"266,112,268,138,185,147,189,112,189,112\"}]"}
Correct. Although azolla directly adds nitrogen from the atmosphere, waste from the ducks and fish also provide nutrients for the rice.
Incorrect. Although azolla directly adds nitrogen from the atmosphere, waste from the ducks and fish also provide nutrients for the rice.
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Question 22.8

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Infographic 18.3: Integrated Farming: The Duck/Rice Farm
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Correct. In typical operations, azolla can outcompete rice for resources and ducks can eat the raw rice before it is harvested.
Incorrect. In typical operations, azolla can outcompete rice for resources and ducks can eat the raw rice before it is harvested.
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Question 22.9

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Infographic 18.3: Integrated Farming: The Duck/Rice Farm
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Correct. Both the meat and the eggs of the ducks can be sold.
Incorrect. Both the meat and the eggs of the ducks can be sold.
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Question 22.10

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Furuno’s system in many ways replicates the function of a natural ecosystem; there are producers and consumers, energy flow and matter cycles. The use of azolla for fertilizer and ducks, and fish to keep the azolla and other weeds controlled makes the system sustainable because it eliminates the need for synthetic fertilizers and herbicides. Current rice farming relies heavily on both.

Question 22.11

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Modern fish farming produces a lot of waste and requires the use of antibiotics to keep the fish healthy. This system provides a way to handle the waste and grow the fish in a more sustainable way. The same goes for the ducks: typical methods for raising ducks are similar to chicken farms with ducks confined indoors in cramped buildings. These operations have to use fairly complex methods to remove waste, keep the birds watered, and keep the air from getting too toxic with ammonia fumes. Raising the ducks outside in a closed system like Furuno's gives the ducks a better quality of life as well as handles the waste and water issues that come with typical commercial duck farms.
Infographic 22.5 part 1

Question 22.12

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Question 22.13

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Incorrect.

Question 22.14

gAbKlHte2ssHV4HTBOWty7QBQindTFN0vQrK5SxT0mXpCCAlS+gKT9oGhtqH/KhPKQuYsNr7gxnc/ko6oPAqucup7GuvuPggA++xojr+B4r9lkcwGXA9h9gl9mA640No2VJxqHD8R/K6PydREPN0RBgXI87QiePEWvwT/cLV7BgHn8h7Ui2GZ3HCcDOrRXq0Rz+IS8flNwLY5GCK3liKCS/vTjjnFNZqZzIuJMQa8ud6/BCMyE+hZt/9s9bxOyrIcdgyqes+cdIWUIFokpyNeWYC+NvmUsOYzut9PZi6W0iFfyPiboLjEZZFhUCchcgvM7dTXsU4Z+RnHrFRnEVJxb2MJRu+P3X4+8WHCQ/WtmAG6Ru3ExBOlwsD9tpXbPgTPMtDN48xlf3UyafhOpxtSw==
999
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question 22.15

JYuArvZWxyVHBjEDDi2f+weAWr1kQmV+Yd9EgRIQBD6wtUaUNqjpLOfGSxfTAn5pIlyNxU2zw2jKRO4kmBsoWh5n66b1+Rzd30Arff5LH1MjtNfCUK2aIPaKDpAIunumg61m07eyT7AdH9rZ3SbQF8F5r1roHORcNjOZ0OdUEecHjAoaNg/n5qtysBEzqQiVrDYkoyIIDpYmzLtda5zZ/b0Fm9I2EBwvxSL9Vx0JbUsx/04R4+8jocfzHjedPHWBeFK28pW7gzyOZF1t5yk/v7Km6qTqra+vdoMCXpLrKOI=
999
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question 22.16

Define the following parts of developing an IPM plan in your own words:

yEQSokvocl6ETgJq7ejOH2rTvFFBRbIXx8cTxDHcJSM= Jez1+7E4uRfDZkzGk+GS5ogCPBNaWljKc0IiqciLa7Gnv7LNkaCKaw== eBnpMGBgZiox1IRKZMZNa9n9J8fOeTECdIa4ujf9MmgrrjE6
True pest: A true pest is one identified through observation or experimentation to actually cause harm to crops.

Action threshold: The minimum number of pests found infesting a crop that will significantly reduce yields and therefore require action.

Action plan: An ordered set of control methods established as the best plan of attack to control the pests.

Question 22.17

Match the drawbacks and advantages to their IPM method:

IPM method Advantages & Drawbacks
Cultural

Advantage:
MGZe5VkSbrxJ3zAS7bEftPccpNk9cDymsKNyZRJU0TVl33wW4JISjziyNn6Du0R2IDsqHvDYc+smNRvkvAWnF3Yw2EjuCInr4quOIvRUrxL4cpo3E3S3c++Qd4q58BMQufVGEY8aJHrVh7IKpFSCwD1EJXdAnxCEfIG4+RrIn4p4zMFyIn7wcXXcrIVaNpxIGoPO0N5/J5Ip72xJBEgBtA/X57ssDVn+qSe5SrzBAdu8Ty2KuOI+w7lf0WadvKXCJOT5fUipfL4B5RtHzLEFY3bFsTfFFHMA15oInkO0pLniHb4vfHYSWk4HfHqNgRL5

Drawback:
MNEnMpdpTy1zNbX9FYrY+F2Pi22TwuBpOoUBPxR0ys2YnW2EZNWeUbL/1qDyKUfcLneCMwhPaGJzzeJ3s/CgwiUZbmua4DfmRg85CbRSvjBDYa7wfN/+WOCv9G/QnaAXbsa5oW/ltVo/hGjOhn4mO4a5u3Fhw+EjCt7ahFcTnD0/xCYnrPQ89CmHWbhiQsFyL6+bgSi1JINBRx2fwUIXdIMDKIVm1PNF

Mechanical

Advantage:
lmnQvuyPDYp5iTdvPJtGkKieOLgpNkTIWnoBEtMno4QDMZI0pUiBbONr6ooMPF3ulOOOmStqZUFEmsEoIHLajYvJdcHJ9G7vaeG91CXVPY2jSpYXoDKMqIB4HSBjCFicBFAt1B/dZAuc1D2qiHL/3krg23h2OJztSoADCLuugb1f8tD7LfCfmlLuedKxKqE3Vrif56WtSA68mDUIsDZvgl49+F7slwglJMuCoLZRrcmW7PII/UKrmlsqJ623OTIHocLg6FywNbqn+L4JfNU40wDPDX/c6skjmPRiRPO+6F/OImTgAAqBY56fzO1fcnGn

Drawback:
kIwAQ/dIkCPXtUTWvTKBrGUmM79d3Gn4dWiIos0xk02ySR88a04TcnV3DxIP5+0T5sl6T14KmIcWfgIzult8H4KSiv9ytiy6jiBGSaOwniqjU0Pereqd1zDZ8h5Ju2ClHVDFDKy24rfLVIzEFuGCIIfzy/PEwXEtwJUZ7KG3uDsxR/AXcyzPZ8tzgCFCyOW3F3IGatx6NW3V1OBF8zW+WgSPSSc0b1Rs

Biological

Advantage:
3ubi+Msh8YEVpRfydTfFIcESF/HLGteumPR3I1B28Z1wV64nxNHCBXJ2LnM7mGT/bSLoHJM5rJJTUWJJuHSnZU14H1x475vTEnk8Py5Q4i6bpNrWfBU119GkhD3kiY4Xk0oLhR4h0GhA/qkCBQ4fsr7DeHF7cEhbv1CfH1v0oXxJubWRBjXbQRUwN6P9qwp7EvzSE7IQCq0pVT4kV5Y351DXjE5ho0sknODaI1QYnuN1JOgd5/qhIDb0SLsTbCGumPirW20v1HJT6wh7HgYrVhJ0PJU9CMctIpSjjJ+ZijcGmpC2P1D6LGcr2DHEzhtg

Drawback:
Jh5X5HhYnPQaMH66grbJ4TqFOgI8xt4SDMEYSrdJwqvB7laW5Eu93oOCF7qJJxLZQx1MeerMPVpvvOlTNt3cOd8vh9WfzsBLFpsQdzV530ShIgvs3wJEdQT4eiFgRFnyBexpeBqV/1NM3FQN+hpVVf1U+CLmV9bz4rBXcgPE8LtBZG+G3jx84oxYrfovDkBaJVYqJ6AEPDrgHGdVu19T8Ju0JWnlnLSt

Chemical

Advantage:
0snaCKjIgXGSiCC+Jn/K4pG8aowTuveOQMeooYSam/8+BXo3a2UVDQpaZTqwIaOb1CiSZQxcxbFdi9/dFjGSK5DaGrTFYA5jeqnrGRN6blab3lf3/wvOCYR3UaL891ip+qRvdo0PzNRyB5/VxjGYST/RMHYpMOCVmfAx7FREToMsXb5C4bjEzCSqaipu06FUysBjvzyGg34m/q7LSudaHlLwbk+ARJOa4VSVIt3Ez/BFryPg3WZw6V7fcNMrRXS5jAOhkg1BLg/P58wyscRwIeHaDLS6f18taRUdMBNelQZYWZG+vVq61TNaRkqHw1si

Drawback:
0JmQtPUOfRtsJpjCa6Gfg9qglK+4+OsmxdAfyNtcMaJpxDuRYCA8qJFJoFnFNfkBGP6A4oq53GuIfPnMmiSz9vymg/PUYUpMvXWavwx6YPZloVsFs/TL4EALnamvTFAx5iD/2jDVL+NI+RvUgga1YRXZ5PP47LFCIpiWXTLBNcch7ChDYHaGwxF1XoQKwK8Hxdz1wgH28itSLamBdEs1PX+cuqI6rtOO

999
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

For each of the following descriptors, select ALL of the farming methods that apply.

Question 22.18

Reduces erosion.

Contour farming wg8JNehuALfILP6S

Terrace farming wg8JNehuALfILP6S

Reduced tillage wg8JNehuALfILP6S

Cover crops wg8JNehuALfILP6S

Crop rotation 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

Strip farming 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

999
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question 22.19

Better for slopes.

Contour farming wg8JNehuALfILP6S

Terrace farming wg8JNehuALfILP6S

Reduced tillage 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

Cover crops 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

Crop rotation 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

Strip farming 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

999
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question 22.20

Reduces effects of crop pests.

Contour farming 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

Terrace farming 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

Reduced tillage 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

Cover crops 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

Crop rotation wg8JNehuALfILP6S

Strip farming wg8JNehuALfILP6S

999
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question 22.21

Maintains or improves soil fertility.

Contour farming 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

Terrace farming 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

Reduced tillage 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

Cover crops wg8JNehuALfILP6S

Crop rotation wg8JNehuALfILP6S

Strip farming 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

999
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question 22.22

Reduces water needs.

Contour farming 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

Terrace farming 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

Reduced tillage wg8JNehuALfILP6S

Cover crops 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

Crop rotation 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

Strip farming 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

999
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question 22.23

Reduces fuel needs.

Contour farming 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

Terrace farming 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

Reduced tillage wg8JNehuALfILP6S

Cover crops 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

Crop rotation 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

Strip farming 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

999
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question 22.24

Always involve planting a variety of crops.

Contour farming 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

Terrace farming 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

Reduced tillage 3hMJDRP6OS+3EJIb

Cover crops wg8JNehuALfILP6S

Crop rotation wg8JNehuALfILP6S

Strip farming wg8JNehuALfILP6S

999
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.