Chapter 30. Chapter 30: Chapter 30: Managing Solid Waste

How can industry and individuals reduce...?

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Guiding Question 30.5

How can industry and individuals reduce the amount of waste that they produce?

Why You Should Care

Industry produces far more waste than consumers do (consumers’ MSW is only 2% of the overall waste produced in the United States). Industrial waste is expensive to dispose of and efficiencies that make less of it or reduce it can improve profits. Industrial ecology seeks to take efficiency to another level by recycling wastes among related industries. Here, one factory’s waste is used by a nearby factory as a raw material or as energy.

Individuals could feel powerless in the waste debate—so little impact can be made with household recycling and waste reduction. It is important to remember that consumers choose products—your buying choices could include products made by companies that contribute to reduction of waste.

Question Test Your Vocabulary

Choose the correct term for each of the following definitions:

Term Definition
mqKTlJnXf7IcLMojlhOKw7c3xVW2KUck5ER/7nzJ7RJSZ6ZbfIhF4orBsgx+G3mk10XkI3J0Z4oWIFSv Areas in which industries are physically positioned near one another for “waste-to-feed” exchanges (the waste of one becomes the raw material for another).
Yu8+hycbhFRTiBQDjigQeazJtcQhU2UkdLo01lIho7+KgEB8xfLEcmYz2Dq4X0OFZyfg1H9PsmFu0nVs Using a product more than once for its original purpose or another purpose.
ISh5QR//emd6VSZJCBmlmgH8iZPGpSa1e++g42l2IJBdNwHaZ7qZL39qEMpztyOIUohtooWIrq6KgDYX Using less of a resource by choosing durable goods that will last or can be repaired.
MItDpAdY4KKFaDQL4r2subm7TmnFj1HD+U4C8eGYN4KMv0UFwBx3aTsJ6FNaBRPmOTYOvvvXW37L4BCC Choosing NOT to use or buy a product if you can do without it.
Aj2p3MfLbjAVbPcq6ALTDAMJHBi7V2RsyURHNdgHyCbD1qR3yvKPk3ThkQIet4IsIGJGF7BCPbyWiAsW Reprocessing items to make new products.
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Infographic 30.7

Question 30.1

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Question 30.2

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Question 30.3

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Question 30.4

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The closer the factories or users are, the less energy is spent transporting the “wastes” and the more likely the other users will be to use the wastes.

Question 30.5

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Question 30.6

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Question 30.7

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Question 30.8

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Question 30.9

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The best answer is that it promotes reuse of bags, but it also promotes refuse if you are buying something small enough to be carried without a bag.

Question 30.10

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Question 30.11

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Question 30.12

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Question 30.13

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Question 30.14

Short-Answer Questions

Single-stream recycling is a curbside program where residents put all of their recyclables into one container. This creates a commingled stream of paper, plastic, glass, metal, and any other recyclables to be gathered. It has several advantages:

- Residents do not need to have separate containers or remember to put out some recyclables one week and the other recyclables the next week. This increases curbside recycling by 30–60%.

- Waste haulers can automate recycling by picking up the whole container without sorting it at the curbside. It helps to automate recycling and makes it easier to keep accurate records of recycling rates.

Unfortunately, after collection, the recyclables must be sorted. This shifts the cost and effort from the curbside (resident and garbage truck) to the sorting facility. Sorting is typically an automated process at an MRF (material recovery facility) and recovery means “recovering as much as we can of each recyclable category.” Typically, the recovery rates are high, but not as high as they are if the recyclables are sorted curbside (about 3–5% less according to Canadian research). Any commingled recyclables that cannot be separated are landfilled (typically less than 2%).

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1) As landfills become fewer and tipping fees rise, recycling costs become more competitive and attractive as an option to keep taxes from rising. Single stream is the easiest recycling program to adopt since it involves less training of residents, and for waste haulers it is the most cost-efficient recycling program.

2) Recycling is still a product of distance and density. The more distant the residences from the MRF, the less likely that recycling will be profitable for the waste hauler. The lower the density of residences for the area, the fewer stops to make and the less money can be made by the waste hauler.

3) Single-stream recycling is like a double-edged sword. In cities where it has been the norm for several years, recycling rates initially increased and then leveled off. One of the reasons for this could be a lower environmental awareness of recycling’s importance. Awareness of recycling options and constant publicity are the main tools being used to try to continue increasing recycling rates.