Chapter 14. Chapter 14: Fisheries and Aquaculture

How do technology and the tragedy of the commons interact...?

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Guiding Question 14.2

How do technology and the tragedy of the commons interact to jeopardize global fisheries?

Why You Should Care

Industrial fishing techniques (larger ships, drift nets dragging the ocean bottom, and freezing the catch at sea) that began in the 1960s have decreased the oceans’ ability to replenish what we harvest. We are decreasing fish populations below replacement levels (which would be harvesting just the natural interest) and the remaining fish populations cannot reproduce fast enough to replace fishing losses (we are harvesting natural capital—Chapter 5).

This is another example of a tragedy of the commons (Chapter 1), where environmental choices are driven by difficult economic choices. For fishing, the costs forced fisherman to use more technology and harvest more in order to make a living. As fish populations grew smaller, the value of leaving cod was greater as the price of fish rose. Eventually, no one would leave fish behind for another fisherman to harvest, and the population crashed.

Question Test Your Vocabulary

Choose the correct term for each of the following definitions:

Term	Definition
HxVstJy/SFdn1ocKfh/R1hCy7ffYCQCNKnXRs/p4VGT/fYWGFnD+TBWhaxI=	The industry devoted to commercial fishing or the places where fish are caught, harvested, processed, and sold.
4wTuBGnUSSTtQ2jtJpc+pwpEuOBysZKHPYmKYUK+eFP5pxh/wqh6vsEE3/k=	Annual catches fall below 10% of their historic high; stocks can no longer support a fishery.
7oSenOCPA0AO0fJMXa8hx1Ygm9D/dEP4upt3+5bSQbpU7ochy5W4q7AkDbM=	Nontarget species that become trapped in fishing nets and are usually discarded. Some methods, like trawling, have very high bycatch levels, and discards often exceed the actual target species catch.

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Question 14.1

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{"title":"Bycatch","description":"","type":"correct","color":"#99CCFF","code":"[{\"shape\":\"circle\",\"coords\":\"184,157,25\"},{\"shape\":\"circle\",\"coords\":\"248,140,19\"}]"} {"title":"Damaged Seabed","description":"","type":"incorrect","color":"#993300","code":"[{\"shape\":\"circle\",\"coords\":\"44,196,26\"}]"} {"title":"Sediment Plume","description":"","type":"incorrect","color":"#333300","code":"[{\"shape\":\"circle\",\"coords\":\"105,163,40\"}]"} {"title":"Bottom Trawling","description":"","type":"incorrect","color":"#000080","code":"[{\"shape\":\"poly\",\"coords\":\"122,199,128,204,133,204,145,204,152,202,163,199,172,200,181,204,193,209,207,214,227,217,253,215,278,208,288,203,276,197,249,186,244,169,247,168,251,163,262,155,271,148,262,145,225,150,191,172,162,183,128,193\"}]"}

Question 14.2

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{"title":"Bycatch","description":"","type":"incorrect","color":"#99CCFF","code":"[{\"shape\":\"circle\",\"coords\":\"184,157,25\"},{\"shape\":\"circle\",\"coords\":\"248,140,19\"}]"} {"title":"Damaged Seabed","description":"","type":"incorrect","color":"#993300","code":"[{\"shape\":\"circle\",\"coords\":\"44,196,26\"}]"} {"title":"Sediment Plume","description":"","type":"incorrect","color":"#333300","code":"[{\"shape\":\"circle\",\"coords\":\"105,163,40\"}]"} {"title":"Bottom Trawling","description":"","type":"correct","color":"#000080","code":"[{\"shape\":\"poly\",\"coords\":\"122,199,128,204,133,204,145,204,152,202,163,199,172,200,181,204,193,209,207,214,227,217,253,215,278,208,288,203,276,197,249,186,244,169,247,168,251,163,262,155,271,148,262,145,225,150,191,172,162,183,128,193\"}]"}

Question 14.3

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{"title":"Bycatch","description":"","type":"incorrect","color":"#99CCFF","code":"[{\"shape\":\"circle\",\"coords\":\"184,157,25\"},{\"shape\":\"circle\",\"coords\":\"248,140,19\"}]"} {"title":"Damaged Seabed","description":"","type":"correct","color":"#993300","code":"[{\"shape\":\"circle\",\"coords\":\"44,196,26\"}]"} {"title":"Sediment Plume","description":"","type":"incorrect","color":"#333300","code":"[{\"shape\":\"circle\",\"coords\":\"105,163,40\"}]"} {"title":"Bottom Trawling","description":"","type":"incorrect","color":"#000080","code":"[{\"shape\":\"poly\",\"coords\":\"122,199,128,204,133,204,145,204,152,202,163,199,172,200,181,204,193,209,207,214,227,217,253,215,278,208,288,203,276,197,249,186,244,169,247,168,251,163,262,155,271,148,262,145,225,150,191,172,162,183,128,193\"}]"}

Question 14.4

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{"title":"Bycatch","description":"","type":"incorrect","color":"#99CCFF","code":"[{\"shape\":\"circle\",\"coords\":\"184,157,25\"},{\"shape\":\"circle\",\"coords\":\"248,140,19\"}]"} {"title":"Damaged Seabed","description":"","type":"incorrect","color":"#993300","code":"[{\"shape\":\"circle\",\"coords\":\"44,196,26\"}]"} {"title":"Sediment Plume","description":"","type":"correct","color":"#333300","code":"[{\"shape\":\"circle\",\"coords\":\"105,163,40\"}]"} {"title":"Bottom Trawling","description":"","type":"incorrect","color":"#000080","code":"[{\"shape\":\"poly\",\"coords\":\"122,199,128,204,133,204,145,204,152,202,163,199,172,200,181,204,193,209,207,214,227,217,253,215,278,208,288,203,276,197,249,186,244,169,247,168,251,163,262,155,271,148,262,145,225,150,191,172,162,183,128,193\"}]"}

Question 14.5

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Question 14.6

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Question 14.7

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Question 14.8

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Question 14.9

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Bycatch occurs because the nets are wide and trawl long stretches of the bottom. All the species (fish, turtles, and dolphins) can be caught up by the net as it drags along the bottom. There is no way to selectively choose the species to harvest.