Chapter 26. Chapter 26: Urbanization and Sustainable Communities

What are the trade-offs associated with cities...?

Interactive Study Guide
false
true

Guiding Question 26.2

What are the trade-offs associated with cities or urban areas?

Why You Should Care

Chances are, if you haven’t been already, you’ll be faced with deciding where to live and start a career. You also probably have a good grasp of the pros and cons of city life. If you lived in the city, you’d probably be closer to work and a more diverse array of entertainment, people, and food. But you’d have to pay more to live there; in fact, you probably couldn’t afford to buy a home. It’s also crowded and could be noisy or polluted. If you lived in the suburbs, you’d have room to move around, but you’d have to do a lot more driving—to get to work, buy food, etc. Many of the environmental pros and cons are readily apparent, too. Living in cities saves land resources and should reduce carbon footprints since you don’t need to drive as much. But large amounts of waste are produced by cities, and disposing of it causes both environmental and social problems. Moreover, cities tend to be hotter than the surrounding countryside. Even the difference of a few degrees can make a huge difference in the environment—even if the hotter weather in cities is only enough to make air conditioners run a few extra minutes each day. Multiply that by millions of homes in a city and it’s a huge problem, especially if the electricity provided for the city is derived from coal. Although city and suburban living both have their drawbacks, the prospects of making city living sustainable are better than the suburbs, so hopefully, the current trends to make cities greener will continue.

Question 26.1

mLxO3+TYoFQoOTBngwp9+jtLNnKJ17uBNoG8WJjGN7kzVNTCr03LTyf8ZgTXUuLN0RZ7oIeHVoUWaZkkbD+aYoq9dQWXk3rJTNhGb7zTvO6JXF6Wdq2UXyqhdf0VL4DZMnlmceQGUxWhMDhmpXjNkgbbrFia14vzYfW9oGFG34lKWfP5D200mNqTaOWQiQhVMjeqp6SmfMJH2lvbCZ6Q/OFXuAI=
999
Try again.
CO2 isn't the only greenhouse gas, and each greenhouse gas has a different warming potential in the atmosphere. If you calculated the entire warming potential created by all the greenhouses gases emitted, you could convert that potential to the tons of CO2 alone it would take to reach it. So although these numbers are measuring CO2, they actually represent the combined effect of CO2 plus other greenhouse gases. For now, you can think of the CO2 equivalent emissions as a way to represent a carbon footprint.

Incidentally, if you were to measure just CO2 produced for energy and construction (making concrete releases CO2) but not CO2 and other gases emitted from other sources, like land clearing, China comes out slightly ahead of the United States.

Question 26.2

uCStTtZkwsRjQpjadmb7jl0n6eR+CElzVh0al8C4je7rRj8F86YXOP9OjDrNHeL0jqehLc1dWpt01BTcG5IQERh67wdf3SkqprjMuT6/LiWQubvAbot+cIFDryNM3ZSRiYFcmoc4z/I9td1P5lHMfL46zwsd+ox/Aq+LzIvMRFJgzIzXbCezsx4wU9g5ZGtRJKJQj/Ao0BtRYPuRrYC4Z8FLHb3ozjb7zphMoMpjSf5oLtqxpIjDR19zbEYK3eMrwnI1zEgYXQvWxIRZYa+lMjoYX9qlZhuSCurPV6kO9LztGKGuOeJYklMDEDi0BTvJ2l4qzHxKXoO7vA6b4sPkAGQ0IR2Je20V
999
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question 26.3

+1BBVEWRr3fT//c42hK4yBCPkcEUqFh7dPcKZ52CnogVPiZ01WCtWHesEUv+p2ncCfBijyhsfC1AkRxGvbYOCrRP/Qzf7JtaENogL68itG0NH9+dyJlhmLivddkJY9RAkqnO9QqMfk/Ve91hmIA6sMTK6EN9JbRtZX+uDwB2hVkNq7uy5J4m9CYU6Ia34VYvsrne3kZjatQKffa9tDyJ5X7eFFT3jQ0XyBeH+Y0us2leWgUGz+uR29h3oa50rnsZsMd/YxvIM1z/3KbPNfxjo/wQo119+A2StQfWc85l0SlWpDYT7JtOgo3uAnSfgYp6
999
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question 26.4

xbdzneKyCvjC+SfMyHfO8VWZR+gwlMHmX8HHI+5nzUEFIq9kuPqqTmjht/UnGesDqAck1MDsjh4NJjg2AcuWx4ohcJKiObl0VC/eUItNk0ibJon52WntdYyEdpPqhwPPB0UEXfbdt5wA6IKtEdtcWyGLWFp7xQV6sMIl5jDEygmxF63auhM4uv0tmsDRnyMcuMlAgy+y6J8GpE1CgIpkImMQ3JMk/6kUl3+Hz8qoeBS4+wFVGlKQgdDtLHYsc4/P0ClI0Ynr9z/AQwoo53EyX5cYs7fNXHiejE4/Yqs4FigjAdJfwIopQm38eYfVFIooKP6y3tYPYn+1qllUG4CGi7HI1F7qPZ6QnoB1v8IJRU7C1LYwGepfB5P3OZMewcjS
999
Try again.
Per capita is per person, so the numbers refer to tons of carbon emitted per person each year, regardless of whether the person is in a city.

Question 26.5

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
999
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question 26.6

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
999
Try again.
The correct answer is to multiply the average per capita footprint by the total population. Remember that per capita means per person, so multiplying the carbon emitted per person by the number of people in the country should approximate the total carbon emitted by that country.

Question 26.7

Nation Approximate Population
in 2012*		 Carbon Footprint in
Tons of Carbon per Year
Spain 47,000,000 RItqJKsFGYAAt4Pgf5HB4CjwXunXjq9YhL/RRg==
United Kingdom 63,000,000 CI73aVBRMldJ5KNWKfwjOQcWtcZF9szyEzfY1Q==
United States 314,000,000 sXkDTMGhRQTmYKbDIiT0+wfaigdMoBKRPuRAAg==
Brazil 206,000,000_206000000 uEHMKtBdaMvtWfOdVE6xqyLOCOY=
Japan 127,000,000 AN2B9ji4bIu8QMKu02tUcCu0rbYfPOX6tA3D5Q==
China 1,343,000,000 2xP25UhSm0o5AHF3jWAgXtFZ8X6ZYIUM1QLa6Q==

*As found in the United States CIA World Factbook; rounded to the nearest million people.

999
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question 26.8

YQLy4R8gJ7xrXzjHU782F1mC3ubVdmWpuC/BJ+fog2X8qXykbdobJrWuCBa+SmG284+aEL/B1lPayOa/31B3adkIIeq8KO2M9WgVO2fLiVI64KOwtku8jyCeIsGshwnTDMUr7OIpaUoMxtkqt5bFXkrxjQmdv+XxAhLImSH3QYwwMd+HvJmtghN1l99J6p78Ysxgw9rOFPg=
999
Try again.
Please note that this is true based on the way carbon footprint is measured here (remember that the CO2 equivalent emissions convert several other greenhouse gases emissions into one number). If you were to measure just CO2 produced for energy and construction (making concrete releases CO2) but not CO2 and other gases emitted from other sources, like land clearing, China comes out slightly ahead of the United States. Measuring CO2 equivalent emissions is a more comprehensive way to estimate how much impact a person or country has on increasing the greenhouse effect, so it's fair to say that the United States is slightly ahead of China in contributing to global climate change.
Incorrect.

Question 26.9

GeNIpx9U3zcqLztHxXKm3MBG7gn9OyKrqg73Z/qq4Myl3pno2sq7ItaFEVIJoWSnaVzWhNvu+DdQ9awoEcpXkcdN2y/JRvarHvR8u1xnXs4/u1+axT3LtnDx/KVrKunM1WgGlD5xxU2tMctYRIdIqT75uwvak0emMHsD45RiEB2k0zNiN8L7WjDPS7vFrE7/tVvEaHkaCfw=
999
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question 26.10

KBZJbhAIubBV3P0MTn4pcaZkhAVSqYNyFst9c6NaguWpvIESLlwWVjV41N+3LQsyP++Xfx7e/LjQYha04p0TdUdlkmG/pz0jGhkKYFNYzyGpL9258FHnY/QqdwE5Up77ukl3+dEM5w5vBgpohjSboNt09MvmMpDZyQh88uIuqfHiQsrCXoGm0NF1xnVcxg+0uLd2ZD1ij2ByaHjq/48AUYDBpSyPwn7C3xsTnc7ZoqC8vtUeB5vVLIQm+YwaWhGebEE8CU+oKxo=
999
Try again.
An average has to be within the range of a set of numbers; so, some people must emit more than the average. You could therefore expect that, in at least some regions, suburbanites and exurbanites emit more than the national average.

Question 26.11

HAlS8+zmGyePgcxgTfUdBi+TQYciXmtVW1//q05eaVwlMjavlYlyh0B8DyfKyXrYmDomfQWaHl2kzCZgwHu6CJCUHeoWi3dRGHciKi0Dh8gUfEHx3hAdJLWVKZbDh+/gchExgdkhOscP7n73RQCiXenrUZECOonJ2zQfbi4mWJhNVfu9xH2nvRrERtYhNoKVTaHANwFVYdh58Jb+qmuI+WlQxSHGctpCu6oiqOq8KkxVnMeJUf2v78g6qdQY0WcpnXE7UFeHzjc/G/eUAE7LleSKF+9xC+INeT5L3Xhls+8E3shxK3znoGgfRXeqnDU1XnWNERTmRyZvRh6EyzOYVFd2Aomq98+sU/P4gOnLb9HFy/OVISj32hV495i/y0NkVU0FhMXsuudb41QdTxiOD7Gv7OoXI+N2Ymv5kYxKGtBmhzSDnGiBdXCPHVLqiXGT/Dx21HM+sgzOHnEUYBkp2S6Lo5pPYdE3
999
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question 26.12

o9jvprVHgk2iTDLwnZ2FvXVhmn3S2r/rJSYOhJb20xXxq6FJ+TBjplp1T0QCr16iyyOXL6bxqsMkT4sKcYOpZmmSgGDsJ00PgJP1HB3pqZHxdQid/Mo/1NoSAgliadSk924G+p+Cn2oLRLJWLij+hiRQuou7BgH0TlXw8mzsjtAw+f/9IS0X1gbnp1Qm7xI+ohHs29kS0+HNT9eAP8UAh9/gGCo6hz8CYvJrDqhPibliKCD+PLcBex/4tcX6jMbJXNZU9EtWssIo6zQVASZ1jaJqzVnpTRdwDMl2lZo8BXiWCGZUux/JzdOVWLvJV+410F1l8w==
999
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question 26.13

SJACZTgJcuoq1BWoOm3nSAb4pTYiYrQtrUX9pv7slkw1m/AmfB0H4exkopUfhlL8e5iS5ajQnplNmt5blWetbkfGVz/Nci4jm7EZOoOCQ0etwxAvbihLTCPgJcnGQPJwHMIINDx1WscYfzsDuRBcH6lTdCq1tGSbf+qbf0ilBGfcck1bxMdmI0qtoYbk1mWbdkV+fVBtA5NxoiHC0noKLm6Pay+0ip/ZXdDs3OQT4b8RdLttj0zf2/IleHF5vf4SfjhrFLixFSJs4yK2Z1NyoA==
999
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question 26.14

9/60BpahqFG5e9zoTIe2f2fCWb/Wt6qtuw7dbuSDmkhtX3YfSATp/Bx9oqKF+G9TFcMtRUDPjawbv7gBHDy0U61Uf+P+jtsJzFkjEO2vK9+g+D+1Q3T1e41aT6ITFicCPSps3l2pq0Ud5QSJSDjcAgpkf0cA3o7wl5nbA8hxPMUomgRDo5ZPPwf7wbJHNCVQ5mBX/P5RdVV0z557QejKhpIboj6+85IQjBRkKkltgfTDTHXOiB8luohQnM1DCZHtKBSNhwE5WRSojvByQIVtd6IXehGA3YbEKWYHJxNgALmiscXf7J+KIkOhgUmfStn04oldW1EXnjB5SfdV0/ouZAMf/N/43Fy5ORDjfyzghyNEg8Glco6IYA==
999
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question 26.15

Relative to suburbs and rural areas, cities have:

5eLjcO3kzGriXKVp4UtVjA== traffic congestion.

IjgrRM/WKsqycMUxjJsBog== green space.

5eLjcO3kzGriXKVp4UtVjA== environmentally caused illness.

5eLjcO3kzGriXKVp4UtVjA== concentration of waste to be disposed of.

5eLjcO3kzGriXKVp4UtVjA== violence.

B/XphFheMK+GNPzLSHHC9FnnkrA= transportation options.

wqjJUblyMeknVkP2nvD6YIaWQpU= ecological impact per person.

5eLjcO3kzGriXKVp4UtVjA== effective zoning ordinances (usually).

cpLIWcmcDhIHoTgKT0mWDCquxjw= average temperature.

5eLjcO3kzGriXKVp4UtVjA== dependence on food and resources that aren't local.

B/XphFheMK+GNPzLSHHC9FnnkrA= advanced health-care options.

5eLjcO3kzGriXKVp4UtVjA== diversity of job opportunities.

ZmIAY2tZ6qnAI6KLxT7FmtR+C7U= home energy efficiency.

IjgrRM/WKsqycMUxjJsBog== traveling to get to work and to buy goods or services.

5eLjcO3kzGriXKVp4UtVjA== difficulty handling stormwater runoff and flooding.

j4PQ12qm2qXjmARQ5E4p9CHs76I= air quality.

iEsKyHsm4uIdZnVVmkFztZXr+fRvEYtY homes on average.

B/XphFheMK+GNPzLSHHC9FnnkrA= educational opportunities.

999
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.