Chapter
1. Graphing Tutorial
Part A: Examine the Data Set
Graphing Tutorial
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In this tutorial, we are going to examine changes in population numbers over time. Specifically, what has happened to bison numbers in the western U.S. since they were nearly extirpated in the late 1800’s? How should we manage their numbers?
Before you graph these data, let’s take a look at infographic 7.6 in your text.
Question
1.1
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Question
1.2
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
Question
1.3
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Question
1.4
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
Question
1.5
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
1.1 Part B: Make a Graph
Let’s look again at similar data for bison in Yellowstone national park. We are interested in the relationship between time and the size of the herd. The issue for parks is how many bison can the land support—what is carrying capacity?
Year |
Yellowstone North (Site 1) |
Yellowstone Central (Site 2) |
Wind Cave (Site 3) |
Wichita Mountains (Site 4) |
1902 |
21 |
25 |
|
|
1903 |
29 |
21 |
|
|
1904 |
41 |
17 |
|
|
1905 |
44 |
30 |
|
|
1906 |
57 |
|
|
|
1907 |
61 |
25 |
|
15 |
1908 |
74 |
22 |
|
|
1909 |
100 |
23 |
|
|
1910 |
123 |
29 |
|
|
1911 |
147 |
27 |
|
|
1912 |
171 |
49 |
|
|
1913 |
170 |
53 |
14 |
|
1914 |
198 |
|
|
|
1915 |
243 |
31 |
|
|
1916 |
294 |
72 |
|
|
1917 |
338 |
70 |
|
|
1918 |
390 |
|
|
|
1919 |
417 |
91 |
|
|
1920 |
457 |
61 |
60 |
180 |
1921 |
533 |
76 |
|
|
1922 |
582 |
69 |
|
|
1923 |
686 |
76 |
|
|
1924 |
766 |
|
120 |
|
1925 |
873 |
66 |
|
|
1926 |
889 |
65 |
|
|
1927 |
977 |
72 |
|
|
1928 |
1050 |
61 |
160 |
|
1929 |
1198 |
|
|
|
1930 |
1229 |
|
108 |
210 |
1931 |
1302 |
|
|
|
1932 |
1238 |
|
240 |
|
1933 |
1192 |
|
|
|
1934 |
1127 |
|
180 |
|
1935 |
1094 |
|
|
|
1936 |
749 |
207 |
230 |
|
1937 |
473 |
218 |
|
|
1938 |
579 |
201 |
160 |
|
1939 |
649 |
229 |
205 |
|
1940 |
633 |
238 |
115 |
380 |
1941 |
748 |
274 |
|
|
1942 |
713 |
358 |
160 |
|
1943 |
751 |
224 |
180 |
|
1944 |
757 |
397 |
230 |
|
1945 |
445 |
487 |
165 |
|
1946 |
548 |
481 |
177 |
|
1947 |
449 |
|
188 |
|
1948 |
550 |
647 |
195 |
|
1949 |
396 |
730 |
300 |
|
1950 |
458 |
864 |
300 |
580 |
1951 |
|
640 |
315 |
|
1952 |
386 |
840 |
360 |
|
1953 |
|
|
370 |
|
1954 |
225 |
1319 |
385 |
|
1955 |
|
|
420 |
980 |
1956 |
231 |
1400 |
410 |
|
1957 |
205 |
610 |
|
|
1958 |
|
|
375 |
|
1959 |
|
|
400 |
|
1960 |
|
|
360 |
780 |
1961 |
212 |
657 |
|
|
1962 |
|
|
|
|
1963 |
|
656 |
440 |
|
1964 |
|
|
220 |
|
1965 |
172 |
608 |
310 |
980 |
1966 |
68 |
228 |
|
|
1967 |
81 |
319 |
260 |
1000 |
1968 |
71 |
351 |
215 |
|
1969 |
85 |
474 |
215 |
|
1970 |
216 |
262 |
285 |
500 |
1971 |
322 |
394 |
|
|
1972 |
232 |
379 |
215 |
|
1973 |
290 |
494 |
|
|
1974 |
205 |
716 |
|
|
1975 |
182 |
785 |
|
650 |
1976 |
259 |
901 |
|
|
1977 |
457 |
893 |
|
|
1978 |
217 |
1362 |
415 |
|
1979 |
433 |
1307 |
460 |
|
1980 |
287 |
1801 |
485 |
600 |
1981 |
298 |
1739 |
|
|
1982 |
405 |
1346 |
360 |
|
1983 |
432 |
1447 |
300 |
|
1984 |
588 |
1671 |
|
|
1985 |
517 |
1834 |
330 |
470 |
1986 |
708 |
2068 |
|
|
1987 |
595 |
2381 |
|
|
1988 |
844 |
2303 |
360 |
|
1989 |
430 |
2077 |
|
|
1990 |
349 |
2672 |
400 |
570 |
1991 |
544 |
2568 |
|
|
1992 |
267 |
3090 |
|
|
1993 |
626 |
2703 |
300 |
|
1994 |
738 |
3376 |
|
|
1995 |
712 |
3216 |
330 |
650 |
1996 |
756 |
2828 |
|
|
1997 |
354 |
1816 |
|
|
1998 |
572 |
1618 |
260 |
|
1999 |
548 |
1688 |
|
|
2000 |
634 |
2144 |
310 |
590 |
2001 |
700 |
2500 |
360 |
650 |
2002 |
750 |
2750 |
400 |
650 |
2003 |
900 |
2680 |
320 |
650 |
2004 |
890 |
3100 |
360 |
650 |
2005 |
1501 |
3500 |
410 |
650 |
2006 |
1490 |
2400 |
470 |
650 |
2007 |
2000 |
2500 |
360 |
650 |
2008 |
1500 |
1500 |
410 |
650 |
2009 |
|
|
460 |
650 |
2010 |
|
|
|
|
Now, you are going to create a graph that appropriately represents these data. If you’re not sure which type of graph to choose, review the following tutorial on graphing skills:
Question
1.6
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Once you’ve selected the type of graph you’d like to create, enter your data for Yellowstone North and Yellowstone Central.
Question
1.7
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Question
1.8
5TX0eV4HxkfNi+T6QAkHWUI0rTwvLb2FsXnJfxBajCNC2AFqcrtnK3FKwczdOEfK1umrxIitdh5srbdrAisU58oK9nb4+YWr7OBpMTMSlQ2Pn5xKxvCLtn/14vaNPFa4EIK6HYsk/lyAS21vr1MfpYWOeq+wOUPclPhBTasnYxuilP2AxkAOMdSlY5v081NKykBRih0n1h4SJBHEQY1x4B2n7ZMmK7bFAiq2Rf9vXLN2rVzF60oeUggyKaA8YS2GDHl9oXMY79xCZ/K5XLAQDcofVS0BKS6NGgYMttcSIkAPjiFKX1zS1x7WBmOqpPryQx9nf7/ZdkHZdFjfCTLxBWpiWTNxtHqb7y6HRkYb1IlnH3Uuy5oOMN/NVyvKnNtAcjxvDbfLub6ecPXkN+W5tIjAnk4oD1vDapsirWXhY+4o3ZSjd95KDTB6LKOZcGWghHjLfm2fIf9EfAI2ZkWJ/NKZ8oqJI9Bp
1.2 Part C: Alter the Graph
Now, add two more sites to your graph. These data are bison population sizes in Wind Cave National Park and the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge.
Notice that in each bison population, there are periodic declines in the population. All of these populations are located in national or state parks; during the 20th century there were few natural predators in any of the parks. The bison herds are managed by people to remain near carrying capacity for their location.
Question
1.9
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Part D: Summary
Scatter plots are used when there is more than one y-value for the x-values. By graphing these data, you can see several things:
- Bison were almost exterminated in the wild and were reintroduced at extremely small population sizes in these parks
- A concern for biologists is the genetic diversity of the herds in these parks because they began with small numbers
The size of the herds would grow larger if it were not for human intervention. Many organizations contend that we should let the herds get bigger and extend beyond the boundaries of parks. Others say that because there are no natural predators, large numbers of bison could compete with cattle. Bison also share diseases with cattle that ranchers would rather avoid.