Modifiers can cause confusion or ambiguity if they are not close enough to the words they modify or if they seem to modify more than one word in the sentence.
The voodoo was not at the college; the seminar is.
People cannot billow from windows.
The unedited sentence implies that Nixon planned to lose the race.
Limiting modifiers
Be especially careful with the placement of limiting modifiers such as almost, even, just, merely, and only. In general, these modifiers should be placed right before or after the words they modify. Putting them in other positions may produce not just ambiguity but a completely different meaning.
AMBIGUOUS | The court only hears civil cases on Tuesdays. |
CLEAR | The court hears only civil cases on Tuesdays. |
CLEAR | The court hears civil cases on Tuesdays only. |
In the first sentence, placing only before hears makes the meaning ambiguous. Does the writer mean that civil cases are the only cases heard on Tuesdays or that those are the only days when civil cases are heard?
The original sentence suggests the money was almost spent; moving almost makes clear that the amount spent was almost $20 million.
Squinting modifiers
If a modifier can refer to either the word before it or the word after it, it is a squinting modifier. Put the modifier where it clearly relates to only a single word.
SQUINTING | Students who practice writing often will benefit. |
REVISED | Students who often practice writing will benefit. |
REVISED | Students who practice writing will often benefit. |