A
a, an (articles), 605
deciding when to use, 324
usage, 274
abbreviations, 442–47
in different fields (Talking about Style), 445
editing for (At a Glance), 442
periods with, 416
texting (Talking the Talk), 262
absolute concepts, 378
absolute phrases, 334
abstract and concrete words, 266–67
abstracts
APA style, 543
CSE style, 581
dissertation, citing in MLA style, 500
for periodical articles, 200–201
purpose of, 211
academic courses, citing Web sites (MLA style), 492
academic institutions, citing Web sites (MLA style), 492
academic reading. See critical reading
academic writing
arguments, 143–61
authority, establishing, 15
for business courses, 655–63
collaboration, 629
compared to informal writing, 14
cultural contexts. See multilingual writers
directness, 15–16
disciplinary language, 625–26
disciplinary style, 626–27
ethical guidelines, 628–29
and evidence, 627–28
first person in, 627
formats, 628
formatting. See designing texts
genres, 594–95
in humanities, 630–38
instructor expectations, 12, 17, 593–94
multimodal presentations, 20–36
in natural and applied sciences, 647–54
purpose, understanding, 50–51
research, planning, 17
research project, 187–241
in social sciences, 639–46
stance, rhetorical, 50–52
U.S. academic style, features of, 16, 594
visuals in. See visuals
accept, except, 274
active reading, strategies for, 16–17
active voice The form of a verb when the subject performs the action: Lata sang the chorus.
advantages of, 120, 310, 352
shifts between passive voice and, 303
addresses
commas with, 408
numbers in, 446
ad hominem fallacy, 151
adjective, 324, 374–80 A word that modifies, quantifies, identifies, or describes a noun or words acting as a noun.
adjective-adverb confusion, 376
commas with, 406
comparatives, superlatives, 324, 377
editing (At a Glance), 375
ending in -ing and -ed, 616
and linking verbs, 374–75
phrases, 334
adjective clauses, 336, 403–4
for multilingual writers, 600
adverb, 324–25, 374–80 A word that qualifies, modifies, limits, or defines a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a clause, frequently answering the questions where? when? how? why? to what extent? or under what conditions?
adjective-adverb confusion, 376
comparatives, superlatives, 325, 377
conjunctive adverbs, 325
editing (At a Glance), 375
phrases, 334
adverb clauses, 336–37, 403–4
advertisements, citing (MLA style), 499
advice, advise, 274
affect, effect, 274
afterwords, citing
in Chicago style, 558
in MLA style, 479
age, assumptions about, 254
aggravate, 274
agreement The correspondence between a pronoun and its antecedent in person, number, and gender (Mr. Fox and his sister) or between a verb and its subject in person and number (She and Moe are friends).
pronoun-antecedent agreement, 10, 369–73
subject-verb agreement, 355–62
alignment, in design, 95
all ready, already, 274
all right, alright, 274
all together, altogether, 274
allude, elude, 274
allusion, illusion, 274
almanacs, 196
almost, 382
along with, 356
America, American, 254
American Psychological Association (APA). See also APA style
ethical code, 628–29
guide to electronic references, 532–39
among, between, 275
amount, number, 275
ampersand (&), in in-text citations (APA style), 518–19
an, a (articles), 324, 605
analogy
developing, paragraphs with, 86
in emotional appeals, 173
analysis. See also academic writing; writing process
literary analysis, 633–38
rhetorical, student model, 157–60
AND, in electronic searches, 198
and/or, 275
annotated bibliography, 207–8
annotation
for critical reading, 131–34
of research sources, 223–24
antecedent, 322, 369–73 The noun or noun phrase that a pronoun replaces.
anthologies, citing
in Chicago style, 558
in MLA style, 467, 474
anticlimax, and humor, 294
any body, anybody, 275
anybody, gender-neutral approach, 371
any one, anyone, 275
anyplace, 275
anyway, anyways, 275
APA style, 515–50 The citation style guidelines issued by the American Psychological Association.
content notes in, 516–17
directory to in-text citation models, 517
directory to model references, 522
formatting paraphrases and quotations in, 518
formatting reference list in, 523
in-text citations in, 517–21
quotations, integrating in, 226
references list, 521–41
author listings, 523–25
books, 525–28
electronic sources, 532–39
formatting (At a Glance), 523
miscellaneous sources, 539–41
print periodicals, 528–31
student research essay in, 541–50
verb tense guidelines, 348, 518
apostrophes, 419–22
in contractions, 421
editing for (At a Glance), 419
errors (Top Twenty), 9
in plurals, 421–22
in possessive forms, 419–21
appeals, 145–48
credibility, creating, 165–75
emotional, 145–48, 172–74
ethical, 146, 167
logical, 146–47, 167–72
in visual arguments, 147–48
applied sciences. See natural and applied sciences
appositive, 404–5 A noun or noun phrase that adds identifying information to a preceding noun or noun phrase: Zimbardo, an innovative researcher, designed the experiment.
appositive phrases, 335
apt, liable, likely, 275
Arab, usage, 254–55
arguable statements, 163
argument, 143–61 A text that makes and supports a claim.
analyzing, 143–61
appeals, identifying, 145–48
arguable statements, criteria for, 163
audience analysis, 165
claims in, 149, 163–64, 176
classical structure, 175–76
counterarguments, 166–67, 177
credibility, creating, 165–75
cultural contexts, 145
designing, 177–78
as exploration of ideas (Talking the Talk), 162
fallacies, 151–55
purposes of, 161–62
reviewing (At a Glance), 162
rhetorical analysis, student model, 157–60
sources, consulting, 175
student model, 178–83
Toulmin, 148–50, 176–77
visual arguments, 140–41, 150
working thesis for, 164
Aristotle, 145, 171
articles (a, an, the), 324, 605–6
articles in periodicals
citing in APA style, 528–31
citing in Chicago style, 560–64
citing in CSE style, 581–82
citing in MLA style, 480–84
evaluating, 208–10, 214–15
locating, 200–201
art works, citing
in Chicago style, 569
in MLA style, 497–98
as, 275
as if, like, 275
assignments. See common assignments; writing assignments
associational organization, 72
assumptions
in arguments, 149, 164, 171, 176
unstated, avoiding, 251–56
assure, ensure, insure, 275
as to, 275
At a Glance boxes
abbreviations and numbers, editing, 442
adjectives and adverbs, editing, 375
APA references list, formatting, 523
apostrophes, editing for, 419
appropriate language and spelling, editing for, 261
arguments, analyzing, 144
arguments, reviewing, 162
assignments, analyzing, 624
business letters, guidelines for writing, 660
capitalization, editing for, 437
commas, editing for, 401
comma splices and fused sentences, editing, 386
common ground, building with language, 250
conciseness, editing for, 307
consistency and completeness, editing for, 296
coordination, subordination, and emphasis, editing for, 287–88
cultures, communicating across, 246
electronic sources, citing, 533
end punctuation, editing for, 415
genres, features of, 594
hyphens, editing for, 451
interviews, conducting, 204
italics, editing for, 448
language variety, 257
memo, guidelines for writing, 656
misplaced or dangling modifiers, editing, 380
MLA citation for visuals, 498
MLA digital sources, citing, 484
MLA list of works cited, formatting, 472
MLA print periodical entries, formatting, 481
models, combining parts of, 478, 524
models, sources without, APA citation, 538
note-taking guidelines, 220
observations, conducting, 204
online text, creating, 20
oral presentations, preparing, 25
parallelism, editing for, 299
paraphrasing guidelines, 222
plagiarism, avoiding, 233
potential sources, examining, 211
prepositions, idiomatic use, 618
pronouns, editing, 363
punctuation, effective use, editing for, 429
quotation marks, editing for, 423
quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing, 225
semicolons, editing for, 412
sentence fragments, editing, 392
sentence patterns, basic, 329
sentence variety, editing for, 312
sexist pronouns, editing, 371
shifts, confusing, 304
sources without models, citing, 494, 559
subject-verb agreement, editing for, 356
summarizing guidelines, 223
survey questionnaire, designing, 205
Top Twenty (common errors), 4
U.S. academic style, 16
verbs, editing in own writing, 340
verb tense, editing, 350
visuals, attitude and point of view in, 56
visuals, effective use, 104
writing inventory, taking, 11
writing to make something happen, 37
atlases, 196
audience, 53–54
for arguments, 165
formality of language and, 261–64
for online texts, 21–22
for oral presentations, 26
for public writing, 38
recognizing (Talking the Talk), 188
for research projects, 188
reviewing draft for, 105, 107
in rhetorical situation, 49, 52–54
sources, evaluating for, 208
and tone, 56
world audiences. See cultural contexts
audio content
incorporating, 228–29
reviewing draft for, 106
revising, 116
tone of, 57
types of, 22
audio sources, citing
in APA style, 540–41
in Chicago style, 568
in MLA style, 495–97
authority
cultural contexts, 247
establishing your, 15
as evidence for argument, 169
authors
APA style, citing
in references list, 523–25
in text, 518–20
Chicago style, citing, 555–60
credibility of, evaluating, 208–10
CSE style, citing, 577–81
MLA style, citing
in text, 464–68
on works cited list, 470–74
a while, awhile, 275
B
bad, badly, 275, 376
bandwagon appeal fallacy, 151
bare, bear, 275
bar graphs, 101
base form, 340–45 The form of a verb listed in dictionaries (go).
be, forms of
everyday use of (Talking about Style), 341
as helping verbs, 320, 342, 610–11
nonstandard use, 341
progressive tenses, 611
and wordiness, 309
because of, due to, 275
begging the question fallacy, 152
being as, being that, 276
believing and doubting game, 144
beside, besides, 276
between, among, 275
bibliographies
in APA style, 521
in Chicago style, 553–54
as library resources, 201
working bibliographies, 206–7
biographical resources, 183
block quotations, 424
blogs (Web logs)
citing in APA style, 538
citing in Chicago style, 565
citing in MLA style, 492
features of, 22
for research project, 191
bookmarking Web sites, 202–3
books
citing in APA style, 525–28
citing in Chicago style, 555–60
citing in CSE style, 577–81
citing in MLA style, 474–80, 488
indexes, as research source, 199
library search, 198–99
titles of, italics for, 448
in working bibliographies, 207
Boolean operators (AND, NOT, OR) for electronic searches, 198
brackets
in direct quotations, 227
usage, 430–31
brainstorming, 59–60
brake, break, 276
breath, breathe, 276
bring, take, 276
British, English, usage, 254
business writing, 655–63
cultural contexts, 249
email messages, 658
letters, 658–60
memos, 655–59
résumés, 660–63
but, yet, 276
but that, but what, 276
C
can (modal auxiliary verb), 276, 612–13
can, may, 276
can’t hardly, 276
can’t help but, 276
capitalization, 437–42
editing for (At a Glance), 437
headings, 100
lines of poetry, 438
proper adjectives and proper nouns, 324, 438–39
titles of persons, 439
titles of works, 439–40
in Top Twenty (common errors), 7
unnecessary, 440–41
cartoons
citing in MLA style, 468, 498–99
as visuals, 102
case, 363–69 The form of a noun or pronoun that reflects its grammatical role: He ate (subjective). His food was cold (possessive). I saw him (objective).
in compound structures, 368
in dependent clauses, 366–67
in elliptical constructions, 368
objective case, 364–65
possessive case, 365
subjective case, 364
we and us before nouns, 368–69
who, whom, whoever, whomever, 366–67
catalogs, library, 195
cause and effect
developing paragraphs with, 86
supporting an argument with, 170
transitions to signal, 91
CDs, citing
in Chicago style, 568
in MLA style, 495–96
censor, censure, 276
certainty, modals to indicate, 613
charts
misleading, 154–55
MLA style, citing, 468–69, 498
symbols in, abbreviating, 444
as visuals, 101
Chicago style, 551–74 Citation guidelines based on the Chicago Manual of Style.
directory, 554
formatting guidelines, 553–54
in-text citations, 552–53
notes and bibliographic entries, 554–69
books, 555–60
electronic sources, 561–68
miscellaneous sources, 568–69
periodicals, 560–64
quotations, integrating, 226
student research essay, 569–74
chronological organization
of information, 71
of narratives, 82
of process descriptions, 87
résumés, 660
citation-name format (CSE style), 575–76
citation-sequence format (CSE style), 575
claim, 149, 163–64, 176 An arguable statement.
class discussions, guidelines, 24
classical format for arguments, 175–76
classification, developing paragraphs with, 84–85
clause, 335–37 A group of words containing a subject and a predicate. An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence, while a dependent clause must be attached to an independent clause.
and comma splices, 385–90
conjunctive adverbs with, 325
in fused (run-on) sentences, 385–90
clichés, 268
climactic order, position of ideas in sentences, 293–94
close reading. See literary analysis
clustering, 62–63
coherence, 89–92, 90 Also called “flow,” the quality that makes a text seem unified.
collaboration, 64–65, 629
collective nouns, 321
pronoun-antecedent agreement with, 369
subject-verb agreement with, 10, 358–59
college writing. See academic writing
colloquial language, 262
colons, 432–33
with quotation marks, 426
color, in text design, 97
comics, citing (MLA style), 498–99
commands (imperative mood), 353
commas, 400–412
with absolute phrases, 334
with addresses, 408
with appositives, 404–5
for clarity, 410
in compound sentences, 9, 338, 402
with contrasting elements, 407
with coordinating conjunctions, 7, 9, 387, 402
with dates, 408
with direct address, 407
editing for (At a Glance), 401
with independent clauses, 335, 387
with interjections, 407
with introductory elements, 400
with items in series, 405–6
with nonrestrictive elements, 8, 403–5
with numbers, 408–9
with parentheses, 430
with parenthetical expressions, 406–7
with quotation marks, 6–7, 409, 426
with tag questions, 407
with transitional expressions, 406–7
unnecessary, 368, 402
comma splice, 385–90 An error in formal writing resulting from joining two independent clauses with only a comma.
in context (Talking about Style), 389
editing (At a Glance), 386
in literary writing, 389
in Top Twenty, 9–10
commenting on a draft, 110–11
comments, instructor, 111–13
common assignments. Seealso writing assignments
in business classes, 655–61
in humanities, 632–33
in natural and applied sciences, 648–49
in social sciences, 641–42
common errors. See Top Twenty
common ground, language that builds, 250–56
establishing credibility with, 166
using (At a Glance), 250
common knowledge, 231
communicator, in rhetorical situation, 49
company names
abbreviations in, 444
capitalizing, 439
comparative, 324–25 The –er or more form of an adjective or adverb used to compare two things (happier, more quickly).
compare to, compare with, 276
comparison and contrast, developing paragraphs with, 85
comparisons
complete, editing for, 298
as evidence in argument, 173
transitions to signal, 91
compass directions, capitalizing, 440
complement, compliment, 276
complete sentence. See sentence
complex sentences, 338
compose, comprise, 276
compound adjectives, hyphens with, 11, 451
compound antecedents, pronoun-antecedent agreement, 369–70
compound-complex sentences, 338
compound constructions and commas, 411
compound nouns
hyphens in, 451
possessive forms of, 420
compound numbers, hyphens with, 451
compound predicates, 331
as sentence fragments, 394
compound sentences, 338
commas in, 9, 402
missing commas in (Top Twenty), 9
pronoun case in, 368
compound subjects, 330
subject-verb agreement, 357–58
compound words
and hyphens, 451–52
spell-checker errors, 269
comprise, compose, 276
concession, transitions to signal, 92
conciseness, 307–11 Using the fewest possible words to make a point effectively.
editing for (At a Glance), 307
in headings, 100
conclusions, 93, 238–39
of oral presentations, 26–27
revising, 115–16
of sentences, dash for emphasis, 431
of sentences, emphasis in, 293
in syllogisms, 170–71
transitions to signal, 92
concrete words, 266–67
conditional sentences, 601
conference proceedings, citing
in APA style, 540
in Chicago style, 581
in MLA style, 500
conjunction, 326–28 A word or words joining words, phrases, or clauses.
and emphasis, 287
parallelism with, 300–301
conjunctive adverbs, 325, 328
commas with, 407
linking clauses with semicolons and, 413
connotation, 265
conscience, conscious, 276
consensus of opinion, 276
consequently, subsequently, 276
consistency, editing for (At a Glance), 296
context for writing, 49–50
continual, continuous, 277
contractions, 421
contrast
developing paragraphs with, 85
in visual design, 94
contrasting elements
commas with, 407
transitions to signal, 91
conventions (Talking the Talk), 14
coordinate adjectives, commas to separate, 406
coordinating conjunctions, 327 The words and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet, which give the same emphasis to both the elements they join: Restaurants are expensive, so I cook.
commas with, 7, 9, 387, 402
with compound predicates, 331
in compound sentences, 338
with compound subjects, 330
linking clauses with, 387, 413
parallelism with, 300–301
coordination, 288–89
corporate authors. See organizations as authors, citing
correlative conjunctions, 327 Paired conjunctions (both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also) used to connect equivalent elements.
with compound subjects, 330
parallelism with, 301
could, as modal, 320, 342, 612–13
could of, 277
Council of Science Editors (CSE) style. See CSE style
count and noncount nouns, 321, 602–3
counterarguments, 166–67, 217
cover letters, 658–60
credibility
in arguments, establishing, 165–75
in sources, evaluating, 208–10
of statistics, 155
and variety of English used, 259
criteria, criterion, 277
critical reading, 129–43
as active reading, 16–17
analyzing text, 136–39
annotating text, 131–34
business texts, 655
in humanities (At a Glance), 631
in natural and applied sciences, 647–48
previewing text, 129–31
in social sciences, 639
of sources, 210–15
student writing model, 140–43
summarizing text, 135–36
critical stance, 632–33
critical thinking
arguments, analyzing, 143–61
critical reading, 129–43
CSE style, 575–86 The citation style guidelines issued by the Council of Science Editors.
directory, 577
in-text citations, 575–76
citation-name format, 575
citation-sequence format, 575
name-year format, 576
references list, 576–81
author listings, 577–81
books, 577–81
electronic sources, 582–86
periodicals, 581–82
student research proposal, 586–89
cultural contexts, 247–50. See also multilingual writers
of arguments, 145
and authority of writer, 247
and business writing, 249
communicating across cultures (At a Glance), 246
evidence, nature of, 248
and formality, 249–50
meaning, clarifying, 246–47
norms and culture, 245–46
and organizing writing, 248–49
and writing style, 249–50
D
dangling modifiers, 384
editing (At a Glance), 380
dashes, 431–32
linking clauses with, 390
with quotation marks, 427
data, 277
data analysis, research data, 205
databases, 196–98
abstracts in, 200–201
in APA style, citing, 532–33
in Chicago style, citing, 561–64
in CSE style, citing, 583–85
and digital object identifier (DOI), 532–33
full-text, 200
in MLA style, citing, 467–68, 485–87
periodical indexes, 200–201
search options, 197–98
for social sciences. See also articles in periodicals
dates
commas with, 408
numbers in, 446
declarative sentences, 339
deductive reasoning, 170–71
definitions
cultural contexts and, 246–47
developing paragraphs with, 83–84
quotation marks for, 425
demonstrative pronouns, 323
denotation, 265
dependent clause, 289–94, 338 Sometimes called a “subordinate clause,” a word group that contains a subject and a predicate but can’t stand alone as a sentence because it begins with either a subordinating conjunction (because, although) or a relative pronoun(that, which).
relative pronouns in, 323
as sentence fragments, 394–95
sentence variety, 313
who, whom, whoever, whomever in, 366–67
depend on, 620
descriptions, development, 83
designing texts, 94–104
for arguments, 177–78
design principles, 94–95
editing, 120
for portfolio, 123–24
print versus electronic delivery, 94
research project, 236
revising, 116
details
concrete, 173
in description, 83
developing paragraphs with, 80
and emotional appeals, 173
and subordination, 289–90
of visuals, 81
determiners, 324, 603–5
diagrams, 101
diction. See word choice
dictionary entry, citing (MLA), 467
different from, different than, 277
digital object identifier (DOI), 532–33
digital sources
citing in APA style, 532–39
citing in Chicago style, 561–68
citing in CSE style, 582–86
citing in MLA style, 484–93
guidelines (At a Glance), 484 (MLA), 533 (APA)
direct address, 408
direct discourse, shifts in, 304–5
directness, in writing, 15–16
direct objects
explicit, 597
infinitives as, 598–600
noun clauses as, 336
noun phrases as, 333
pronoun case in, 365
direct quotations
changing to indirect, 614
and quotation marks, 423–24
disabilities, considering
audience analysis, 55
color perception, 97
freespeaking, 60
knowing your readers, 255
oral presentation accessibility, 27
references to, 255
and spelling, 273
Web texts accessibility, 23
disciplinary language, 625–26
disciplinary style, 626–27
discourse, shifts in, 304–5
discreet, discrete, 277
disinterested, uninterested, 277
disruptive modifiers, 383
dissertations, citing
in APA style, 539
in MLA style, 500
distinct, distinctive, 277
division, developing with, 84
do, forms of, as helping verbs, 342
documentation. See also APA style; Chicago style; CSE style; MLA style
missing or incomplete (Top Twenty), 5–6
need for, 231
of visuals, 102
document design. See designing texts
doesn’t, don’t, 277
DOI (digital object identifier), 532–33
dots. See ellipses
doublespeak, 264
doubt, modals to indicate, 613
doubting game, 144
drafting. See also writing process
guidelines for planning and, 73–74
research project, 238–41
reviewing draft, 105–13
working thesis, 67–69
due to, because of, 275
DVDs, citing
in APA style, 540
in Chicago style, 568
in MLA style, 494
E
each
pronoun-antecedent agreement with, 368
subject-verb agreement with, 358
each other, one another, 277
e-books, citing (Chicago), 558
-ed, -d endings
for adjectives, 616
for past forms of regular verbs, 342
editing, 117–22. See also At a Glance
adjectives, 375
adverbs, 375
colons, 433
comma splices, 386–90
for coordination and subordination, 292
design, 120
for emphasis, 287–88
fused (run-on) sentences, 386–90
misplaced or dangling modifiers, 380
for misspelling, 120
paragraphs, 78
for parallelism, 299–302
research project, 239
sentence length, 117–18, 311–13
for sentence variety, 311–13
word choice, 119
editions of books, citing
in APA style, 528
in Chicago style, 559
in MLA style, 479
editorials, citing
in APA style, 529
in MLA style, 481, 488
editors, citing
APA style, 525
Chicago style, 558
CSE style, 580
MLA style, 474–75
effect, affect, 274
either-or fallacy, 153
electronic communication, 17–19
electronic sources. See digital sources
elicit, illicit, 277
ellipses, for omitted words, 227, 434–35
elliptical structures, 297, 368
elude, allude, 274
APA style, citing, 520, 538
business use of, 658
capital letters in, 441
Chicago style, citing, 565
MLA style, citing, 493
writing, guidelines for, 18
emigrate from, immigrate to, 277
emotional appeals, 145–48, 172–74
emphasis, 287–88
dashes for, 431–32
italics for, 448
order for, 293–94
encyclopedias, 196
endnotes, Chicago style, 554–69
end punctuation, editing for (At a Glance), 415
English, British, usage, 254
English, varieties of, 256–59
ensure, assure, insure, 275
enthused, enthusiastic, 277
enthymeme, 149
equal ideas, relating with coordination, 288–89
equally as good, 277
-er, -est. See comparative; superlative
errors, common. See Top Twenty
-es, -s endings
plural nouns, 273, 321
verbs, 341, 355
essays. See academic writing; writing assignments; writing process
ethical appeals, 146, 147–48, 165–66
ethical guidelines, 628–29
ethnic groups
assumptions about, 253–54
capitalizing name of, 438
language varieties, 259
ethos, 145
euphemisms, 264
evaluating sources, 206–15
every day, everyday, 277
every one, everyone, 278
everyone, gender-neutral approach, 371
evidence, 148–49 Support for an argument’s claim.
in cultural contexts, 248
evaluating, 211, 627–28
examples
colons with, 432
developing paragraphs with, 84
establishing credibility with, 167–69
transitions to signal, 91
except, accept, 274
exclamation points, 409, 417
with quotation marks, 427
exclamatory sentences, 339
experts, using as sources, 203–4
explanatory notes, MLA style, 462–63
expletive constructions, 310
explicit, implicit, 278
exploring ideas, 59–65
brainstorming, 59–60
clustering, 62–63
collaboration for, 64–65
freespeaking, 60
freewriting (looping), 60–61
imagery for, 61–62
narrowing topic, 66–67
questions for, 63–64
research project, 187–88
sources, using for, 64
F
event invitation, 42
posting, citing (MLA), 493
fairness, and credibility, 166–67
fallacies, 151–55
ad hominem, 151
bandwagon appeal, 151
begging the question, 152
charts and graphs, misleading, 154–55
in-crowd appeal, 152
either-or, 153
false analogy, 152
false authority, 151
flattery, 151–52
guilt by association, 151
hasty generalization, 153
non sequitur, 152
oversimplification, 153
photographs, misleading, 153–54
post hoc, 152
straw man, 153
veiled threat, 152
false analogy, 152
false authority, 151
family relationship words, capitalizing, 7, 440
farther, further, 278
faulty predication, 296–97
faulty sentence structure, 296–97 A common writing problem in which a sentence begins with one grammatical pattern and switches to another (also called “mixed structure”).
fewer, less, 278
field research, 203–5
figurative language, 173–74, 267–68
for topic selection, 61–62
figures, citing, 468, 498
films, citing
in APA style, 540
in MLA style, 494
finalize, 278
firstly, secondly, 278
first person (I) in academic writing, 627
flattery, 151–52
flaunt, flout, 278
flow. See coherence
flyer, student model, 40
fonts. See typefaces
footnote numbers with quotation marks, 426
footnotes, citing
in Chicago style, 554–69
in MLA style, 462–63
foreign languages, using words from, 54, 259–60, 449
forewords, citing
in Chicago style, 558
in MLA style, 479
formality, appropriate, 261–64
cultural contexts, 249–50
formal outlines, 74
formal rhetorical situations, 49
formal writing, 18–19, 49. See also academic writing
correctness or stuffiness (Talking the Talk), 366
formal audiences, 53–54
formatting. See also designing texts
APA references list (At a Glance), 523
APA style, 523
Chicago style, 553–54
MLA list of works cited (At a Glance), 472
online texts, 23
former, latter, 278
forums, online, guidelines for, 18–19
fractions
hyphens in, 451
numbers in, 446
slashes in, 434
subject-verb agreement with, 358
fragment, 12, 392–96 A group of words that is not a complete sentence but is punctuated as one. Usually a fragment lacks a subject, a verb, or both, or it is a dependent clause.
freespeaking, 60
freewriting (looping), 60–61
further, farther, 278
fused sentence, 9, 385–90 Sometimes called a “run-on,” a sentence in which two independent clauses are run together without a conjunction or punctuation between them (My dog barked he woke me up).
future tenses, 349
future perfect, 349
future perfect progressive, 349
future progressive, 349
simple future, 349
G
games, computer, citing (MLA), 496
gender-neutral language, 251–53, 371
general and specific words, 265–66
general indexes, 199
generalizations
inductive, 170–71
with zero article, 606–7
genre, 55, 594–95 A form of communication used for a particular purpose and incorporating certain conventional features. Some common examples include lab reports, researched essays, brochures, invitations, etc.
for public writing, 38
reviewing draft for, 106
geographical area, assumptions about, 254–55
geographical names, capitalizing, 438
gerund, 334 A verbal form that ends in -ing and functions as a noun: Sleeping is a bore.
and possessive-case pronouns, 365
to state facts, 599
glossary of usage, 274–83
good, well, 278, 376
good and, 278
Google, 202, 595
Google Scholar, 203
government institutions
abbreviations in, 443
capitalizing names, 439
government sources, 202–3
citing in APA style, 539
citing in Chicago style, 569
citing in CSE style, 586
citing in MLA style, 467, 499–500
grammar, 318–96. See also parts of speech
grammatical terms (Talking the Talk), 319
graphic narratives, citing (MLA), 478
graphs
bar graphs, 101
citing, 468–69, 498
misleading data in, 154–55
symbols in, abbreviating, 444
group authors. See organizations as authors, citing
guilt by association fallacy, 151
H
hanged, hung, 278
hasty generalizations, 153
have, forms of
as helping verbs, 320, 342, 610–11
perfect tenses, 611
third-person singular, 356
having, present-perfect participle, 351
he, she (personal pronouns), 278
headings
and document design, 94, 99–100
in formal outlines, 74
of notes, 218
typefaces, 98
wording of, 100
helping verb, 320, 342, 609–12 A verb such as a form of be, do, or have or a modal combined with a main verb.
her, his (possessive pronouns), 278, 322
here, opening sentences with, 330
herself, himself, myself, yourself (reflexive pronouns), 278, 322
hierarchical organization, 75
his, her (possessive pronouns), 278, 322
hisself, 278
historical sources, evaluating, 195
homonyms, errors with, 6, 269
hopefully, 278
however. See conjunctive adverbs
humanities, writing for, 630–38
assignments, types of, 632–33
critical reading (At a Glance), 631
critical stance of writer, 632–33
literary analysis, 633–38
humor, and anticlimax (Talking about Style), 294
hundred, 447
hung, hanged, 278
hyphens, 11, 450–53
editing for (At a Glance), 451
unnecessary, 452
unnecessary or missing (Top Twenty), 11
hypothesis to working thesis, 192
I
ibid. (in the same place), 553
ideas
equal, linking with coordination, 288–89
paired, 300–301
for writing, exploring, 59–65
idioms, learning, 268
i.e. (that is), 444
if, 353, 601
illusion, allusion, 274
illustrations, as visuals, 102
IM (instant messaging). See texting
imagery, 61–62
immigrate to, emigrate from, 277
impact, 279
imperative mood (commands), 303, 353
imperative sentences, 339
you as implied subject of, 330
implicit, explicit, 278
implicit thesis statements, 67
imply, infer, 279
in-crowd appeal fallacy, 152
indefinite pronoun, 359 A word such as each, everyone, or nobody that does not refer to a specific person or thing.
apostrophes, 419–20
pronoun-antecedent agreement, 10, 369
sexist pronouns, 371
independent clause, 335–37 A word group containing a subject and a predicate that can stand alone as a sentence.
indexes, for research, 199–201
indicative mood, 303, 353
indirect discourse, shifts in, 304–5
indirect objects, 332
pronoun case with, 365
indirect questions, 416
indirect quotations, 409, 427, 614
indirect sources, citing
in APA style, 520
in MLA style, 466
inductive reasoning, 170–71
infer, imply, 279
infinitive, 334, 351 To plus the base form of a verb (to go, to run, to hit), which can serve as a noun, an adverb, or an adjective: One option is to leave (noun). We stopped to rest (adverb). He needs time to adjust (adjective).
disruptive modifiers in, 383
and gerunds (multilingual writers), 598–600
subjects of, pronoun case in, 365
infinitive phrases, 334
informal rhetorical situations, 49
informal writing, 12–14, 19
audiences for, 53–54
compared to academic writing, 19
-ing words
as adjectives, 334, 616
as nouns (gerunds), 334, 598–99
as present participles of verbs, 341
in progressive tenses, 347–49, 616
inside of, outside of, 279
instant messaging (IM). See texting
instructions, modals to indicate, 612–13
instructor comments, 111–13
instructor expectations, 12, 17, 593–94
insure, ensure, assure, 275
integrating sources, 224–29
intensive pronouns, 322
intentions, infinitives for, 599
interact, interface, 279
interjection, 328, 407 An exclamation of surprise or other strong emotion: Ouch!
interlibrary loans, 202
Internet searches, 202
to check usage, 595–96
Internet sources
annotating, 223–24
authoritative sources online, 203
citing. See digital sources
evaluating, 212–13
wikis (Talking theTalk), 196
in working bibliographies, 207
interrogative pronouns, 323
interrogative sentences, 339
interviews
APA style, citing, 520, 529
conducting (At a Glance), 204
MLA style, citing, 495, 500
in-text citations
APA style, 517–21
CSE style, 575–76
MLA style, 463–69
intransitive verbs, 332, 346, 597
introductions
citing in Chicago style, 558
citing in MLA style, 479
developing, 92–93, 238
oral presentations, 26–27
research projects, 238
reviewing draft for, 107
revising, 115–16
introductory elements, commas with, 5, 400
irony, quotation marks with, 425
irregardless, regardless, 279
irregular forms
comparatives and superlatives, 377
plural nouns, 321, 360–61
verbs, 342–45
irregular verb, 342–45 A verb that does not form the past tense and past participle by adding -ed or -d to the base form.
issues, exploring, 162
is when, is where, 279, 296
it
opening sentences with, 119, 310
vague use of, 372
italics, 448–49
items in series
colons with, 433
commas with, 405–6, 411
parallelism, 299–302
semicolons with, 413–14
it is, avoiding, 310
its, it’s, 279, 322, 421
J
jargon, 262–63
journal articles
in APA style, 529–31
in Chicago style, 560–64
in CSE style, 581, 583
in MLA style, 480, 485
journalistic questions, 64
journals, italics for names of, 448
just as, so, 327
K
key words
in oral presentations, 27
in paragraphs, 89–90
and purpose for writing, 188
in scannable résumés, 661, 663
keyword searches, 197
kind, sort, type, 279
kind of, sort of, 279
know, no, 279
knowledge, credibility established with, 165–66
L
lab reports, 650–54
language. See also word choice
appropriate, editing for (At a Glance), 261
assumptions, avoiding, 251–56
bringing in another, 54, 259–60
colloquial, 262
and common ground, 250–56
doublespeak and euphemisms, 264
figurative, 267–68
gender-neutral, 251–53
glossary of usage, 274–83
jargon, 262–63
pompous, 263
and rhetorical situation, 54
slang, 262
stereotypes, avoiding, 251
use and cultural contexts, 250–56
varieties of (At a Glance), 257
for world audience. See cultural contexts
language names, capitalizing, 438
language that builds common ground, 250–56
language variety, 256–59
later, latter, 279
latter, former, 278
lay, lie, 279, 346
leave, let, 279
lectures and speeches, citing (MLA), 496–97
legal sources, citing, 501
lend, loan, 279
less, fewer, 278
less, least, 324
let, leave, 279
letters (texts), 658–60
APA style, citing, 520
Chicago style, citing, 565
guidelines for writing (At a Glance), 660
letter of application, student sample, 658–59
MLA style, citing, 500
reflective statements, 124
letters of the alphabet
italics for, 449
plurals, 422
letters to the editor
APA style, citing, 529
MLA style, citing, 481, 488
Library of Congress, online, 203
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH), 197
library research, 195–202
catalogs, 195, 198–99
databases, 196–98
indexes, 199–201
reference librarians, 195
search options, 197–98
lie, lay, 279, 346
like, as if, as, 275
“like” buttons, 23
limiting modifiers, 382
linear organization, 75
linking verb, 331 A verb that suggests a state of being, not an action.
and adjectives, 324, 374–75
and subject-verb agreement, 360
links, in online texts, 23
listen to, 620
list of works cited. See MLA style
lists
colon in, 433
numbers in, 430
literally, 280
literary analysis, 633–38
literary works, citing (MLA), 466
literature review
in natural and applied sciences, 649
in social sciences, 641–42
live performances, citing (MLA), 497
loan, lend, 279
logical appeals, 146–47, 167–72
logical organization, 71–72
logos, 145, 146–47
logs, research, 191
looping, 60–61
loose, lose, 280
lots, lots of, 280
-ly words (adverbs), 325, 375–76
M
magazine articles, citing. See also articles in periodicals
APA style, 529
Chicago style, 561
CSE style, 582
MLA style, 480
magazines
online, 203
as research source, 194
titles, italics for, 425, 448
main clauses. See independent clause
main idea
developing in paragraphs, 78–79
distinguishing with subordination, 289–91
topics. See exploring ideas; topic selection
main verbs. See verb
major premise of syllogism, 170–71
man, mankind, 280
manuscripts, MLA style, 501
maps
MLA style, citing, 468–69, 498
as visuals, 101
margins, white space and, 96–97
may, as modal, 276, 610, 612–13
may be, maybe, 280
meaning
clarifying for other cultures, 246–47
reviewing draft for, 105
meanwhile, 328
media, 280
memos, 655–59
guidelines for writing (At a Glance), 656
messaging. See texting
metaphors, 267
and emotional appeals, 173
might, as modal, 342, 612–13
mine, my, 322
minor premises, of syllogisms, 170–71
misplaced modifiers, 380–81
mixed metaphors, 267–68
mixed structures in sentences, 296–97
MLA style, 457–511 The citation style guidelines issued by the Modern Language Association.
block quotations, lines of prose or poetry, 424
directory to in-text citations, 463–64
directory to works-cited models, 470–71
explanatory and bibliographic notes, 462–63
in-text citations, 463–69
list of works cited, 470–501
author listings, 471–74
books, 474–80
digital sources, 484–93
formatting guidelines (At a Glance), 472
government publications, 499–500
multimedia sources, 494–99
print periodicals, 480–84
quotations, integrating, 226
student research essay, 501–11
visuals, 229, 468–69
modal, 342, 612–13 A kind of helping verb that has only one form and shows possibility, necessity, or obligation: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would, ought to.
modifier, 380–85 A word, phrase, or clause that acts as an adjective or an adverb, qualifying the meaning of another word, phrase, or clause.
adjectives and adverbs, 375–76
order in sentences, 607–8
placement, 380–85
mood, 303, 353–54 The form of a verb that indicates the writer’s attitude toward the idea expressed. The indicative mood states fact or opinion (I am happy); the imperative gives commands (Keep calm); and the subjunctive refers to a condition that does not exist (If I were rich…).
moral, morale, 280
more, most, 324
multilingual writers, 593–620
adjective clauses, 600
adjective sequence, 377
adjectives with plural nouns, 375
American spellings, recognizing, 271
articles, 324, 605–6
British English, 258
capitalization, 440
class participation, 25
conditional sentences, 601
count and noncount nouns, 321, 602–3
determiners, 603–5
English, global varieties of, 258
explicit points, 79
fancy words, avoiding, 264
genres, understanding, 594–95
genre structures and phrases, adapting, 595
gerunds, 598–600
helping verbs, 609–12
hundred, use of term, 447
idioms, learning, 268
infinitives, 598–600
modal auxiliaries (helping verbs), 342, 609–12
modifiers, 607–8
noun clauses, 598
participial adjectives, 616
past tense, 613–14
peer review, 107
perfect and progressive tenses, 614–16
personal experience, 166
plagiarism as a cultural concept, 232
prepositions, idiomatic, 617–20
present tense, 613–14
proper nouns, 603
quotation marks, 427
quotations, tense shifts, 614
reading patterns, 98
reported speech, shifting tenses in, 306
reviewing drafts, 105
reviewing thesis, 235
sentence length, 388
sources, identifying, 223
subjects and objects of sentences, 597
subjunctive mood, 354
thesis, stating explicitly, 69
topic, choosing, 62
U.S. academic style, 593–94
usage, checking online, 595–96
verb phrases, 609–12
word order, 597
multimedia, library resources, 202
multimodal text, 20–36 A text that may include oral, visual, or audio elements in addition to (or instead of) words on a page.
multiple negatives, 379
multivolume works, citing, (MLA) 466, 479, (APA) 528, (Chicago) 559
musical works
MLA style, citing, 496
titles, italics for, 448
Muslim, Moslem, usage, 255
must, as modal, 320, 342, 612–13
my, mine, 322
myself, himself, herself, yourself (reflexive pronouns), 322
N
name-year format (CSE), 576
narratives
developing paragraphs with, 82
establishing credibility with, 168–69
narrowing topics, 66–67
natural and applied sciences, 647–54
assignments, types of, 648–49
critical reading for, 647–48
formats for writing, 648
lab report, student model, 650–54
style in, 649–50
n.d. (no date), 520, 539
negatives, multiple (Talking about Style), 379
newsletters, 41–42
newspaper articles, citing
APA style, 529
Chicago style, 564
CSE style, 582
MLA style, 481, 485
no, know, 279
noncount nouns, 321, 602–3, 604–7
none, 322
nonrestrictive element, 8, 403–5 A word, phrase, or clause that provides more information about, but does not change, the essential meaning of a sentence. Nonrestrictive elements are set off from the rest of the sentence with commas: My instructor, who is perceptive, liked my introduction.
NOT, in electronic searches, 198
note cards, for oral presentations, 30
notes. See also endnotes; footnotes
APA style, 516–17
Chicago style, 552–53
ibid. (in the same place), 553
MLA style, 462–63
note-taking, 218–24
guidelines (At a Glance), 220
paraphrasing, 220–22
quoting, 219–20
summarizing, 222–23
noun, 321, 602–5 A word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.
noun clauses, 336, 598
noun phrases, 333
number, amount, 275
number, shifts in, 304
numbers, 446–47
commas with, 408–9
in different fields (Talking about Style), 445
editing (At a Glance), 442
hyphens with, 451
plurals, 422
used as terms, italics for, 449
O
object A noun or pronoun receiving the action of a verb (We mixed paints) or following a preposition (on the road). See direct objects; indirect objects.
object complements, 329, 332
objective case, 364–65
in compound structures, 368
observations, 204
conducting (At a Glance), 204
off, of, 280
OK, O.K., okay, 280
omissions, ellipses for, 434–35
on account of, 280
one another, each other, 277
online searches. See Internet searches
online sources, citing. See digital sources, citing
online texts, 20–24. See also informal writing
accessible, 23
creating (At a Glance), 20
features of, 22–23
structure, designing, 24
or (coordinating conjunction), 402
in compound antecedent, 338
subject-verb agreement and, 358
OR, in electronic searches, 198
oral presentations, 25–36
organization of writing, 70–73
and cultural contexts, 248–49
instructor comments on, 112
for online texts, 24
reviewing draft for, 105–6, 107
revising, 115–16
by subject, 236–37
visuals, 73
organizations as authors, citing
in APA style, 524
in Chicago style, 555
in CSE style, 580
in MLA style, 465, 473
ought to, as modal auxiliary, 342
our, ours, 322
ourselves, 322
outlines, 74, 237
oversimplification fallacy, 153
owing to the fact that, 280
P
page numbers
in APA in-text citations, 518
in MLA in-text citations, 463–68
pagination, formats for, 98
sources without, 467–68 (MLA), 521 (APA)
pamphlets, citing, 569
paper, quality of, for print texts, 97–98
papers
presented at conference, citing (CSE), 581
presented at symposium, citing (APA), 540
writing. See academic writing; writing assignments; writing process
paragraphs, 78–93
coherence (flow), 89–92
conclusions, 93
details in, 80
development of, 82–88
introductions, 92–93
length, 80, 88–89
topic sentences, 79
parallelism, 299–302
for paragraph coherence, 90
paraphrases, 220–22, 227–28
in APA style, 518
avoiding plagiarism in, 220–22
guidelines for (At a Glance), 222
as indirect discourse, 304
present tense in, 348
signal verbs with, 227
sources of, acknowledging, 231
when to use (At a Glance), 225
parentheses, 429–30
with other punctuation, 430
question marks in, 417
searches using, 198
parenthetical expressions, commas to set off, 406–7
participial adjectives, 616
participial phrases, 334, 351
restrictive and nonrestrictive, 404
participle, 340–46, 611 A word formed from the base form of a verb. The present participle always ends in -ing (going). The past participle ends in -ed (ruined) unless the verb is irregular. A participle can function as an adjective (the singing frog, a ruined shirt) or form part of a verb phrase (You have ruined my shirt).
parts of speech, 320–28 The eight grammatical categories describing how words function in a sentence (adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, interjections, nouns, prepositions, pronouns, verbs).
passed, past, 280
passive voice, 303–4, 352 The form of a verb when the subject is being acted on, not acting: The batter was hit by a pitch.
constructing, 611–12
past, passed, 280
past participles, 341
-ed, -d endings, 342
of irregular verbs, 342–45
past perfect progressive tense, 349
past perfect tense, 349
past progressive tense, 349, 615–16
past subjunctive, 353
past tense forms, 341, 349
of be, 341
-ed, -d endings, 342
of irregular verbs, 342–45
for multilingual writers, 613–14
pathos, 145
PDF files, citing
in APA style, 521
in MLA style, 468
peer review, 107–11
per, 280
percent, percentage, 280
perfect progressive tense, 347–49 The tense of a verb showing an ongoing action completed at some point in the past, present, or future: The workers had been striking for a month before the settlement. He has been complaining for days. The construction will have been continuing for a year in May.
perfect tense, 347–49 The tense of a verb showing a completed action in the past, present, or future: They had hoped to see the parade but got stuck in traffic. I have never understood this equation. By then, the governor will have vetoed the bill.
for multilingual writers, 614–16
periodicals. See also articles in periodicals
APA style, citing, 528–31
articles in, locating, 200–201
Chicago style, citing, 560–64
CSE style, citing, 581–82
evaluating articles in, 208–10, 214–15
indexes, 200–201
MLA style, citing, 480–84
scholarly and popular sources, 194
in working bibliographies, 207
periods, 416
with parentheses, 430
with quotation marks, 426
person, 304 The point of view of a subject. The first person refers to itself (I); the second person addresses you; the third person refers to someone else (they).
in academic writing, 627
and verb forms, 320
personal communication, citing
in Chicago style, 565
in MLA style, 520
personal pronouns, 322
persuasive writing. See argument; writing assignments; writing process
photographs, 102
citing in MLA style, 468–69, 497–98
misleading, 153–54
phrasal verbs, 320, 619–20
phrase, 333–35 A group of words that lacks a subject, a verb, or both.
restrictive and nonrestrictive, 404
verb, 320, 333, 609–12
phrase fragments, 393
pie charts, 101
place, transitions to signal, 91
plagiarism, avoiding, 220–22, 232–34
plenty, 281
plurals
count and noncount nouns, 321, 602–3
first, second, and third person, 341
irregular forms, 321
possessive nouns, 321, 420
spelling rules, adding -s or -es, 273, 321
subject-verb agreement and, 355–62
plus, 281
podcasts
citing in APA style, 541
citing in Chicago style, 565, 568
citing in MLA style, 497
features of, 22
poetry
capitalization, 438
literary analysis, student model, 633–38
MLA style
block quotations, 424
in-text citations, 424, 448, 466
slashes between lines, 434
titles, 425, 449
pompous language, 263
popular sources, 194
portfolios, preparing, tips for, 123–24
possessive form, 9, 321, 419–20 The form of a noun or pronoun that shows possession. Personal pronouns in the possessive case don’t use apostrophes (ours, hers), but possessive nouns and indefinite pronouns do (Harold’s, everyone’s).
possessive pronouns, 322, 365
as antecedents, 373
posters
in oral presentations, 30
student model, 39
post hoc fallacy, 152
PowerPoint. See presentations
precede, proceed, 281
precedents, 168
predicate, 318–19, 331–32 The verb and related words in a clause or sentence. The predicate expresses what the subject does, experiences, or is. The simple predicate is the verb or verb phrase: We have been living in the Atlanta area. The complete predicate includes the simple predicate and its modifiers, objects, and complements: We have been living in the Atlanta area.
prefaces, citing
in Chicago style, 558
in MLA style, 479
prefixes, hyphens with, 452
premises, in syllogisms, 170–71
preposition, 325–26, 617–20 A word or word group that indicates the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another part of the sentence: From the top of the ladder we looked over the rooftops.
prepositional phrases, 333
commas with, 404
presentations, 25–26
audience analysis, 26
guidelines for, 35–36
introductions and conclusions, 26–27
notes, speaking from, 30
organization, 27
preparing for (At a Glance), 25
purposes for speaking, 26
scripts, 28–30
signpost language in, 27, 30
student model script and slides, 29
transitions in, 27
visuals, integrating, 30–35
present participles, 341, 611
present perfect participles, 351
present perfect progressive tense, 348
present perfect tense, 348, 614–16
present progressive tense, 348, 614–16
present subjunctive, 353
present tense, 347–48, 614–16
be, forms of, 341
pretty, 281
Prezi. See presentations
primary source, 193 A research source that offers firsthand knowledge of its subject.
principal, principle, 281
problem and solution, developing paragraphs with, 87
proceed, precede, 281
process, developing paragraphs with, 87
progressive tense, 347–49, 614–16 The tense of a verb showing a continuing action in the past, present, or future: He was snoring during the lecture. The economy is improving. Business schools will be competing for this student.
pronoun, 321–23, 363–74 A word used in place of a noun.
gender-neutral, 252, 371
as subject complements, 331
pronoun-antecedent agreement, 10, 369–73
pronoun reference, vague (Top Twenty), 6
proofreading, 120, 241
for spelling, 270
proper adjectives
capitalization, 7, 324, 438
order in sentences, 608
proper nouns, 321
capitalization, 7, 438, 603
for multilingual writers, 603, 606
spell-checker errors, 269
zero article with, 606–7
proximity, in document design, 95
public speaking. See presentations
public writing, 36–44
writing to make something happen (At a Glance), 37
publisher’s imprint, citing (MLA), 480
punctuation, 400–436
apostrophes, 419–22
brackets, 430–31
colons, 432–33
commas, 400–412
dashes, 431–32
effective use, editing for (At a Glance), 429
ellipses, 434–35
exclamation points, 417
hyphens, 450–53
parentheses, 429–30
periods, 416
question marks, 416–17
quotation marks, 422–27
semicolons, 412–15
slashes, 434
purposes
arguments, 161–62
and choosing visuals, 56
key words for, 188
for online texts, 21
for oral and multimedia presentations, 26
for public writing, 37
reviewing draft for, 105, 107
understanding assignments, 50–51
Q
qualifiers in arguments, 149–50
qualitative studies, 639–40
quantitative studies, 639–40
question marks, 416–17
with quotation marks, 409, 417, 427
questionnaires, designing, 205
questions
to explore a topic, 63–64
in indicative mood, 353
indirect, 416
interrogative pronouns, 323, 365–67
interrogative sentences, 339
for questionnaires, 205
research, 190, 210
subject of sentence in, 330
tag, 407
quotation, quote, 281
quotation marks, 422–27
commas with, 6, 409
for definitions, 425
editing for (At a Glance), 423
in electronic searches, 198
with end punctuation, 366, 417, 426–27
for irony and invented terms, 425
with lines of poetry, 424
misused, 427
single, 423–24
for titles of works, 425
quotations
in APA style, 226
block quotations, 424
brackets for changed words, 227
brief versus long, incorporating, 226
colons with, 433
as direct discourse, 304
direct quotations, 423–24
ellipses for deleted words in, 227
indirect quotations, 409, 427
integrating into writing, 226–27
mechanical errors with (Top Twenty), 6–7
in MLA style, 226
note-taking guidelines (At a Glance), 220
note-taking with, 219–20
poorly integrated (Top Twenty), 10
within quotations, 423–24
signal words for, 227
sources of, acknowledging, 231
tenses with, 348
when to use (At a Glance), 225
R
race, assumptions about, 253–54
raise, rise, 281, 346
rarely ever, 281
ratios, colons in, 433
reading, 123–26. See also critical reading
real, really, 281
real-time communications, citing (APA), 538
reasoning, critical, 170–71
Toulmin’s system, 171
reason…is because constructions, 296
reasons, in arguments, 149, 171
reason why, 281
reciprocal pronouns, 323
reference librarians, 195
references list
in APA style, 521–41
in CSE style, 576–81
formatting for APA (At a Glance), 523
reference works, citing
in APA style, 528
in Chicago style, 559
in MLA style, 479, 489
reflecting on writing, 122–25
for portfolios, 124
questions to ask, 123
reflective writing, student sample, 124–25
reflexive pronouns, 322
regardless, irregardless, 279
regional varieties of language, 256–59
regular verb, 342 A verb that forms the past tense and past participle by adding -d or -ed to the base form (care, cared, cared; look, looked, looked).
reiteration, developing paragraphs with, 87–88
relative pronouns, 290, 323, 336
and subject-verb agreement, 360
religion, assumptions about, 255
repetition
in document design, 95
transitions, to signal, 92
reports. See also academic writing; writing assignments
APA style, citing, 540
Chicago style, citing, 569
lab, student model, 650–54
MLA style, citing, 499
online, sample, 43
psychology, student research essay, 642–46
requests, modals to signal, 612–13
research (research project), 187–241
audience analysis, 188
conclusions, 238–39
design, 236
drafting, 238–41
field research, 203–5
hypotheses in, 190
introductory paragraphs, 238
for natural and applied sciences, 649
with open mind (Talking the Talk), 208
organizing, 236–37
planning, 17, 190–91
prewriting choices, refining, 234–35
research logs, 191
research question, 190, 210
reviewing drafts, 239
revising, 113–16
revising and editing, 239–40
rhetorical stance, 188
for social sciences, 639–46
sources, 193–234
supporting information for, 70
thesis statements, 190, 235–36
titles, 238
topics, exploring, 187–88
working thesis, 67–69, 192
research questions
evaluating, 210
formulating, 190
respectively, respectfully, 281
restrictive element, 403–5 A word, phrase, or clause that changes the essential meaning of a sentence. A restrictive element is not set off from the rest of the sentence with commas or other punctuation: The tree that I hit was an oak.
commas, unnecessary, 7, 403, 410
résumés, 660–63
review indexes, 199
reviewing drafts, 105–13
of arguments, 162
elements to review, 105–6
by instructors, 111–13
peer review, 107–11
of research project, 239
reviews, citing
in Chicago style, 564
in MLA style, 481, 488
revision, 113–16
of research project, 239–40
scope of (Talking the Talk), 115
student sample, 121–22
rhetorical analysis. See also argument
student sample, 157–60
rhetorical situation, 48–59 The whole context for a piece of writing, including the person communicating, the topic and the person’s attitude toward it, and the intended audience.
audience analysis, 53–54
context in, 55–57
formal and informal, 49
of online texts, 21–22
purpose, 50–51
stance, 52
student sample situation, 57–58
time/length factors, 55
visuals, choosing, 56
rhetorical stance, 50–51
for research project, 188
reviewing draft for, 105, 107
of sources, evaluating, 209–10
synthesis from sources, 216–17
rise, raise, 281, 346
run-on sentence. See fused sentence
S
-s, -es endings
plural nouns, 273, 321
verbs, 341, 355
sans serif fonts, 98
scholarly sources, 194
online, locating, 203
sciences, forms of writing in, 641
science terms, abbreviations in, 443
scores, numbers in, 446
scripts for oral presentations, 28–30
search engines, usage, for multilingual writers, 595–96
searching
keyword. See keyword searches
library sources, 197–98
secondary source, 193–94 A research source that reports information from research done by others.
secondly, firstly, 278
second person, 303–4, 341
semicolons, 412–15
clauses, linking with, 328, 387–88, 402, 412–13
in compound sentences, 338
editing for (At a Glance), 412
equal ideas, relating with, 288–89
misused, 414
with quotation marks, 427
sentence, 318–19, 329–33, 337–39 A group of words containing a subject and a predicate and expressing a complete thought.
length of, 117–18, 311–12, 388
for multilingual writers, 597–98
patterns, basic (At a Glance), 329
sentence fragment, 12, 392–96 A group of words that is not a grammatically complete sentence but is punctuated as one. Usually a fragment lacks a subject, a verb, or both, or it is a dependent clause.
sentence variety, 311–13
editing for (At a Glance), 312
sequence, transitions to signal, 91
series. See items in series
serif fonts, 98
set, sit, 281, 346
sexist language, 251–52, 371
pronouns, editing (At a Glance), 371
sexual orientation, assumptions about, 255–56
shall, as modal, 320, 342, 612–13
she, he, 278
shifts, 303–7
confusing (At a Glance), 304
between direct and indirect discourse, 304–5
in mood, 303
in person/number, 304
in tone, 305–6
in verb tense, 8, 303
in voice, 303–4
in word choice, 305–6
should, as modal, 320, 342, 612–13
sic (so), 431
signal phrases, 227
signal words
for APA in-text citations, 518–19
for MLA in-text citations, 463–64
for quotations, 227
signpost language, in oral presentations, 27, 30
similes, 267
and emotional appeals, 173
simple predicates, 331
simple sentences, 338
simple subjects, 329–30
simple tenses, 347–49, 614–16 Past (It happened), present(Things fall apart), or future (You will succeed) forms of verbs.
since, 281
sit, set, 281, 346
situations for writing. See rhetorical situation
slang, 262
slashes, 434
slides, PowerPoint, 30–35
so (coordinating conjunction), 281, 402
social bookmarking sites, 202–3
social classes, assumptions about, 254
social media. See also Facebook; informal writing
and informal writing, 12–14
sites, MLA style, citing, 493
social sciences, writing for, 639–46
critical reading, 639
student model, 642–46
someplace, 282
some time, sometime, sometimes, 282
song titles, quotation marks for, 425
sort, kind, type, 279
sort of, kind of, 279
sound recordings. See audio sources, citing
sources, 193–234
for arguments, 175
articles, evaluating, 210–15
citations, abbreviations in, 392
data interpretation, 205
digital. See digital sources, citing
documenting. See documentation
evaluating credibility, 208–10
excessive use, avoiding, 229–30
historical, 195
importance of, 206
integration in writing, 224–29, 241
interviews, 203–4
library. See library research
list of, preparing, 241
note-taking, 218–24
observations, 204
online texts, giving credit, 23
plagiarism, avoiding, 232–34
popular sources, 194
potential, examining (At a Glance), 211
primary sources, 193
for research project, 190–91
scholarly sources, 194
secondary sources, 193–94
surveys, 204–5
synthesizing, 216–18
working bibliography, 206–7
spatial organization, 70–71
specialized indexes, 200–201
spell checkers, 269–70
limitations of, 120
and spelling errors (Top Twenty), 6
and wrong-word errors (Talking the Talk), 270
and wrong-word errors (Top Twenty), 5
spelling, 272–73
editing for (At a Glance), 261
errors, in Top Twenty, 6
homonym errors, 6, 271
spoke-and-hub organization, 76
squinting modifiers, 382
stance, rhetorical, 52
standard English, 256–57
states abbreviations, 445
stationary, stationery, 282
statistics, 154–55
numbers in, 446
stereotypes, avoiding, 251
storyboards, to organize information, 75–76
straw man fallacy, 153
streaming media, 22
styles, disciplinary, 626–27
subheadings, purpose of, 211
subject, 318–19, 329–30 The noun or pronoun and related words that indicate who or what a sentence is about. The simple subject is the noun or pronoun: The timid gray mouse ran away. The complete subject is the simple subject and its modifiers: The timid gray mouse ran away.
explicit, 597
subject complements
as adjectives, 329
hyphens, unnecessary, 452
and linking verbs, 331, 374–75
noun clauses as, 336
pronoun case, 364
subjective case, 364
in compound structures, 368
subject-verb agreement, 355–62
and ambiguous antecedents, 372
editing for (At a Glance), 356
and possessive antecedents, 373
and third-person singular subjects, 355–56
subject word searching, 197
subjunctive mood, 303, 353–54 The form of a verb used to express a wish, a suggestion, a request or requirement, or a condition that does not exist: If I were president, I would change things.
subordinate clause. See dependent clause
subordinating conjunction, 287–88, 290, 327, 335 A word or phrase such as although, because, or even though that introduces a dependent clause: Think carefully before you answer.
subordination, 289–94
editing for (At a Glance), 287–88
excessive, avoiding, 292
main ideas, distinguishing with, 289–91
power of (Talking about Style), 291
suffixes
hyphens with, 452
and spelling rules, 272
summary A brief retelling of the main points of a text.
guidelines for (At a Glance), 223
incorporating in writing, 227–28
for notes, 222–23
sources, acknowledging, 231
when to use (At a Glance), 225
superlative The –est or most form of an adjective or adverb used to compare three or more items (happiest, most quickly).
superscript numbers
APA style, content notes, 516–17
Chicago style citations, 552–53
CSE style citations, 575
MLA style, explanatory/bibliographic notes, 463
supporting evidence. See also sources
reviewing draft for, 107
revising, 115
and working thesis, 70
supposed to, used to, 282
sure, surely, 282
surface errors, 3
surveys, 204–5
syllogisms, elements of, 170–71
syntax The arrangement of words in a sentence.
synthesis, 205, 216–18 Grouping ideas and information together in such a way that the relationship among them is clear.
T
tables
in MLA style, 468–69
as visuals, 101
tag questions, commas with, 407
take, bring, 276
Talking about Style boxes
abbreviations and numbers in different fields, 445
anticlimax and humor, 294
be, everyday use of, 341
comma splices in context, 389
multiple negation, 379
subordination, 291
technical and scientific writing, voice for, 352
technical writing, 312
Talking the Talk boxes
arguments, 162
assignments, 52
audience, recognizing, 188
conventions, 14
first person (I) in academic writing, 627
formality, correctness, or stuffiness, 366
grammatical terms, 319
research with an open mind, 208
revision, 115
spell checkers and wrong-word errors, 270
texting abbreviations, 262
visual texts, 137
writing something new, 230
technical writing
disciplinary style, 626–27
disciplinary vocabulary, 625–26
passive voice, use of, 352
sentence length (Talking about Style), 312
television shows, citing
in APA style, 540–41
in MLA style, 494–95
tense, 347–51 The form of a verb that indicates the time when an action takes place—past, present, or future. Each tense has simple (I enjoy), perfect (I have enjoyed), progressive (I am enjoying), and perfect progressive (I have been enjoying) forms.
testimony, as evidence, 169
text Traditionally, words on paper, but now anything that conveys a message.
online, 20–24
in rhetorical situation, 49
visual (Talking the Talk), 137
texting, 19, 262
than, then, 282
that
introducing quotation with, 409
as relative pronoun, 323
vague use of, 372
that, which, 282
the (article), 324, 606
their, theirs, 322
theirselves, 282
themselves, 322
then, 328
there, opening sentences with, 119, 309, 330
therefore, 325, 328
there is, there are, 310
there was, there were, 361
thesis statements, 67–69, 235–36
research project, 190
revising, 114–15
they, indefinite use of, 372–73
thinking, critical. See critical thinking
third person, 304
singular and plural, 341, 355–56
this, vague use of, 372
thorough, threw, through, 282
time
numbers in, 446
subordinating conjunctions, 327
transitions to signal, 91
time management, 24, 189
titles
capitalizing, 440
colons in, 433
italics for, 425, 448–49
quotation marks for, 425
for research projects, 238
reviewing draft for, 107
revising, 115–16
and subject-verb agreement, 361
within titles, citing, 480, 528, 560
of visuals, 102
titles of persons
abbreviating, 442–43
capitalizing, 439
commas with, 408
to, too, two, 282
to forms (infinitives), 334, 351, 598–99. See also infinitive
tone
considering for assignment, 56–57
shifts in, 305–6
of source, evaluating, 210
tone of voice, oral presentations, 35
topic selection, 49–50. See also exploring ideas
topic sentences, 79
Top Twenty (common errors), 4–12
apostrophe, unnecessary or missing, 9
capitalization, unnecessary or missing, 7
commas, missing after introductory element, 5
commas, missing in compound sentences, 9
commas, missing with nonrestrictive element, 8
commas, unnecessary, 7
comma splice, 9–10
documentation, incomplete or missing, 5–6
fused (run-on) sentences, 9
hyphens, unnecessary or missing, 11
listing of (At a Glance), 4
pronoun-antecedent agreement errors, 10
pronoun reference, vague, 6
quotations, mechanical errors, 6–7
quotations, poorly integrated, 10
sentence fragments, 12
sentence structure, faulty, 8
spelling errors, 6
verb tense shifts, 8
words, missing, 7–8, 298
wrong-word errors, 3–5
Toulmin arguments, 148–50
organization of, 176–77
reasoning system of, 171
transition, 90–92 A word or phrase that signals a progression from one sentence or part of a sentence to another.
sentence variety with, 313
signpost language, 27
transitive verb, 331–32, 597 A verb that acts on an object: I posted my review online.
translations, citing
in APA style, 525
in Chicago style, 559
in MLA style, 475, 478
Twitter, 13, 307. See also informal writing
two, too, to, 282
type, sort, kind, 279
typefaces, 98–99
typos, 269
U
uninterested, disinterested, 277
unique, 282
units of measurement, 444
unknown authors, citing
in APA style, 524
in Chicago style, 555
in MLA style, 465, 473, 478
unpublished works, citing, 501
unsigned articles, citing, 529
URLs, slashes in, 434
U.S. academic style
features of (At a Glance), 16
and multilingual writers, 593–94
used to, supposed to, 282
U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO Access), 202
us or we before nouns, 368–69
V
veiled threat fallacy, 152
verb, 320, 331–32, 340–55 A word or phrase, essential to a sentence, that expresses the action of a sentence or clause. Verbs change form to show tense, number, voice, and mood.
base forms, 340–45
be, forms of, 330
editing (At a Glance), 340
to forms (infinitives), 334
helping, 320, 342
intransitive, 331–32
irregular forms, 342–45
linking, 331
mood, 303, 353–54
for multilingual writers, 619–20
predicates, 331–32
regular forms, 342
revising, 120
strong, 309
tense, 347–51
transitive, 331–32
voice, 352
verbals, 334
verb phrase, 320, 609–12 A main verb and one or more helping verbs, acting as a single verb.
verb tense. See tense
very, 282
video content
reviewing draft for, 106
revising, 116
types of, 22
videos, citing
in APA style, 540
in Chicago style, 568
in MLA style, 494
visual argument, 147–48, 167, 174
visual rhetoric, 94
visuals, 100–104
attitude and point of view in, 56
documentation of, 103
effective use of (At a Glance), 104
incorporating, 228–29
misleading, 154–55
MLA style
in-text citations, 228–29, 468–69
in list of works cited, 497–99
numbers and titles for, 102
online texts, formatting, 23
for oral presentations, 30–35
organizing, 73
point of view in, 56
to provide details, 81
reviewing draft for, 106
tone of, 57
visual texts (Talking the Talk), 137
visual structure, in design, 94–95
voice, 320, 352 The form of a verb that indicates whether the subject is acting or being acted on. In the active voice, the subject performs the action: Parker played the saxophone. In the passive voice, the subject receives the action: The saxophone was played by Parker.
W
warrant, 149 An assumption, sometimes unstated, that connects an argument’s claim to the reasons for making the claim.
way, ways, 283
Webcasts. See podcasts
Web logs. See blogs (Web logs)
Web sites
citing in APA style, 533–38
citing in Chicago style, 565–67
citing in CSE style, 586
citing in MLA style, 489–92
features of, 22
well, good, 278, 376
we or us before nouns, 368–69
where, 283
which
adjective clause with, 403–4
as determiner, 604
as interrogative pronoun, 323
subject-verb agreement, 360
vague use of, 372
which, that, 283
whichever, 323
white space, and design, 96–97
who
as interrogative pronoun, 323
subject-verb agreement, 360
who, whom, 283
in dependent clauses, 366–67
in questions, 366
whoever, 323
whoever, whomever, in dependent clauses, 367
whose, as determiner, 604
who’s/whose, 283
wikis
citing in APA style, 539
citing in MLA style, 492–93
features of, 22
as research source (Talking the Talk), 196
wildcards, in searches, 198
will, as modal, 320, 342, 612–13
winning, and arguments, 161
word choice, 261–69
disciplinary language, 625–26
editing, 119
instructor comments on, 112
oral presentations, 27–28
shifts in, 305–6
unnecessary, redundant, and empty words, 308–9
word errors (Top Twenty)
missing word, 7–8, 298
wrong word, 3–5, 270
words as words, subject-verb agreement in, 361
working bibliography, 206–7
working thesis, 67–69
of arguments, 164
for research project, 192
supporting information for, 70
testing, 236
works cited. See MLA style
world audiences. See cultural contexts
would, as modal, 320, 342, 601, 612–13
writing assignments. See also academic writing
analyzing (At a Glance), 624
argument, 143–61
business writing, 655–63
changes in (Talking the Talk), 52
in humanities, 632–33
narratives, 82
in natural and applied sciences, 648–49
reflective statement, 124
in social sciences, 641–42
writing inventory, taking (At a Glance), 11
writing process, 45–125
designing texts, 94–104
drafting, 76–77
editing, 117–22
ideas for writing, exploring, 59–65
narrowing topic, 66–67
paragraph development, 78–93
reflecting on writing, 122–25
reviewing drafts, 105–13
revising, 113–16
thesis, working, 67–69
writing situations, 48–59
writing situation. See rhetorical situation
writing to make something happen in the world, 36–44
wrong word (Top Twenty), 3–5
and spell checkers, 270
Y
yet, but, 276
you (second person)
as implied subject, 330
indefinite use of, 372
your, you’re, 283
your, yours, 322
yourself, myself, himself, herself (reflexive pronouns), 278, 322
yourselves, 322
YouTube, 23
podcasts, citing (MLA), 497
Z
zero article, 606–7