Freud and Little Hans Sigmund Freud’s case study of 5-year-old Hans’ extreme fear of horses led Freud to his theory of childhood sexuality. He conjectured that Hans felt unconscious desire for his mother, feared castration by his rival father, and then transferred this fear into his phobia about being bitten by a horse. As Chapter 14 will explain, today’s psychological science discounts Freud’s theory of childhood sexuality but acknowledges that much of the human mind operates outside our conscious awareness.

Skye Hohmann/Alamy