Preface
How Is This Different From Exploring Psychology, Tenth Edition?
What Else Is New Since Exploring Psychology, Ninth Edition in Modules?
MCAT Now Includes Psychology
Multimedia for Exploring Psychology, Tenth Edition in Modules
Time Management
How Are You Using Your Time Now?
Make Every Minute of Your Study Time Count
Do You Need to Revise Your New Schedule?
REVIEW Time Management: Or, How to Be a Great Student and Still Have a Life
Module 1. The History and Scope of Psychology
1.1 The Scientific Attitude: Curious, Skeptical, and Humble
1.3 Psychology’s Roots
Psychological Science Is Born
Psychological Science Develops
1.4 Contemporary Psychology
Evolutionary Psychology and Behavior Genetics
Cross-Cultural and Gender Psychology
Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
REVIEW The History and Scope of Psychology
Module 2. Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions
2.1 The Need for Psychological Science
2.2 The Scientific Method
2.3 Psychology’s Research Ethics
Protecting Research Participants
2.4 Improve Your Retention—and Your Grades
REVIEW Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions
Module 3. Neural and Hormonal Systems
3.1 Neural Communication
How Neurotransmitters Influence Us
3.2 The Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
The Central Nervous System
REVIEW Neural and Hormonal Systems
Module 4. Tools of Discovery and Older Brain Structures
4.1 The Tools of Discovery: Having Our Head Examined
4.2 Older Brain Structures
REVIEW Tools of Discovery and Older Brain Structures
Module 5. The Cerebral Cortex and Our Divided Brain
5.2 Our Divided Brain
Right-Left Differences in the Intact Brain
REVIEW The Cerebral Cortex and Our Divided Brain
Module 6. Genetics, Evolutionary Psychology, and Behavior
6.1 Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences
Genes: Our Codes for Life
Twin and Adoption Studies
Gene-Environment Interaction
6.2 Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Human Nature
Natural Selection and Adaptation
Evolutionary Success Helps Explain Similarities
REVIEW Genetics, Evolutionary Psychology, and Behavior
Module 7. Consciousness: Some Basic Concepts
7.1 Defining Consciousness
7.2 Studying Consciousness
7.3 Selective Attention
Selective Attention and Accidents
7.4 Dual Processing: The Two-Track Mind
REVIEW Consciousness: Some Basic Concepts
Module 8. Sleep and Dreams
8.1 Biological Rhythms and Sleep
What Affects Our Sleep Patterns?
8.3 Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders
Module 9. Drugs and Consciousness
9.1 Tolerance and Addiction
9.2 Types of Psychoactive Drugs
9.3 Influences on Drug Use
Psychological and Social-Cultural Influences
REVIEW Drugs and Consciousness
Module 10. Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn
10.1 Developmental Psychology’s Major Issues
10.2 Prenatal Development and the Newborn
REVIEW Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn
Module 11. Infancy and Childhood
11.1 Physical Development
Brain Maturation and Infant Memory
11.2 Cognitive Development
Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking
An Alternative Viewpoint: Lev Vygotsky and the Social Child
Reflecting on Piaget’s Theory
11.3 Social Development
Deprivation of Attachment
REVIEW Infancy and Childhood
12.1 Physical Development
12.2 Cognitive Development
Developing Reasoning Power
12.3 Social Development
Parent and Peer Relationships
13.1 Physical Development
Physical Changes in Middle Adulthood
Physical Changes in Late Adulthood
13.2 Cognitive Development
Sustaining Mental Abilities
13.3 Social Development
Adulthood’s Ages and Stages
Well-Being Across the Life Span
Module 14. Gender Development
14.1 How Are We Alike? How Do We Differ?
14.2 The Nature of Gender: Our Biological Sex
Prenatal Sexual Development
Adolescent Sexual Development
Sexual Development Variations
14.3 The Nurture of Gender: Our Culture and Experiences
REVIEW Gender Development
Module 15. Human Sexuality
15.1 The Physiology of Sex
Hormones and Sexual Behavior
The Sexual Response Cycle
Sexual Dysfunctions and Paraphilias
Sexually Transmitted Infections
15.2 The Psychology of Sex
15.3 Sexual Orientation
Sexual Orientation: The Numbers
Origins of Sexual Orientation
Gay-Straight Trait Differences
15.4 An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality
Male-Female Differences in Sexuality
Natural Selection and Mating Preferences
Critiquing the Evolutionary Perspective
15.5 Social Influences on Human Sexuality
15.6 Reflections on the Nature and Nurture of Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
Module 16. Basic Concepts of Sensation and Perception
16.1 Processing Sensation and Perception
16.7 Motivation and Emotion
REVIEW Basic Concepts of Sensation and Perception
Module 17. Vision: Sensory and Perceptual Processing
17.1 Light Energy and Eye Structures
The Stimulus Input: Light Energy
17.2 Information Processing in the Eye and Brain
17.3 Perceptual Organization
17.4 Perceptual Interpretation
Experience and Visual Perception
REVIEW Vision: Sensory and Perceptual Processing
Module 18. The Nonvisual Senses
18.1 Hearing
The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location
18.2 The Other Senses
Body Position and Movement
REVIEW The Nonvisual Senses
Module 19. Basic Learning Concepts and Classical Conditioning
19.2 Classical Conditioning
REVIEW Basic Learning Concepts and Classical Conditioning
Module 20. Operant Conditioning
20.1 Skinner’s Experiments
20.2 Skinner’s Legacy
Applications of Operant Conditioning
20.3 Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning
REVIEW Operant Conditioning
Module 21. Biology, Cognition, and Learning
21.1 Biological Constraints on Conditioning
Limits on Classical Conditioning
Limits on Operant Conditioning
21.2 Cognition’s Influence on Conditioning
Cognition and Classical Conditioning
Cognition and Operant Conditioning
21.3 Learning by Observation
Mirrors and Imitation in the Brain
Applications of Observational Learning
REVIEW Biology, Cognition, and Learning
Module 22. Studying and Encoding Memories
22.2 Encoding Memories
Automatic Processing and Implicit Memories
Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories
REVIEW Studying and Encoding Memories
Module 23. Storing and Retrieving Memories
23.1 Memory Storage
Retaining Information in the Brain
REVIEW Storing and Retrieving Memories
Module 24. Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Improving Memory
24.1 Forgetting
Forgetting and the Two-Track Mind
24.2 Memory Construction Errors
Misinformation and Imagination Effects
Discerning True and False Memories
Children’s Eyewitness Recall
REVIEW Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Improving Memory
25.2 Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles
25.3 Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments
The Availability Heuristic
The Perils and Powers of Intuition
25.5 Do Other Species Share Our Cognitive Skills?
Using Concepts and Numbers
Using Tools and Transmitting Culture
Module 26. Language and Thought
26.2 Language Development
When and How Do We Learn Language?
Deafness and Language Development
26.3 The Brain and Language
26.4 Do Other Species Have Language?
26.5 Thinking and Language
Language Influences Thinking
REVIEW Language and Thought
Module 27. Intelligence and Its Assessment
27.1 What Is Intelligence?
Spearman’s General Intelligence Factor
Theories of Multiple Intelligences
27.2 Assessing Intelligence
What Do Intelligence Tests Test?
Three Tests of a “Good” Test
27.3 The Dynamics of Intelligence
Stability Over the Life Span
REVIEW Intelligence and Its Assessment
Module 28. Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence
28.1 Twin and Adoption Studies
28.2 Environmental Influences
28.3 Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores
Gender Similarities and Differences
Racial and Ethnic Similarities and Differences
28.4 The Question of Bias
REVIEW Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence
Module 29. Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement
29.1 Motivational Concepts
Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology
29.2 The Need to Belong
The Benefits of Belonging
The Pain of Being Shut Out
Connecting and Social Networking
29.3 Achievement Motivation
REVIEW Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement
30.1 The Physiology of Hunger
Body Chemistry and the Brain
30.2 The Psychology of Hunger
Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture
Situational Influences on Eating
30.3 Obesity and Weight Control
The Physiology of Obesity
Module 31. Theories and Physiology of Emotion
31.1 Emotion: Arousal, Behavior, and Cognition
Historical Emotion Theories
Schachter-Singer’s Two Factors: Arousal + Label = Emotion
Zajonc, LeDoux, and Lazarus: Does Cognition Always Precede Emotion?
31.2 Embodied Emotion
Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
The Physiology of Emotions
REVIEW Theories and Physiology of Emotion
Module 32. Expressing and Experiencing Emotion
32.1 Detecting Emotion in Others
32.4 The Effects of Facial Expressions
REVIEW Expressing and Experiencing Emotion
Module 33. Stress and Illness
33.1 Stress: Some Basic Concepts
Stressors—Things That Push Our Buttons
The Stress Response System
33.2 Stress and Vulnerability to Disease
REVIEW Stress and Illness
Module 34. Health and Happiness
34.1 Coping With Stress
Explanatory Style: Optimism Versus Pessimism
34.2 Reducing Stress
Relaxation and Meditation
Faith Communities and Health
34.3 Happiness
What Affects Our Well-Being?
What Predicts Our Happiness Levels?
Evidence-Based Suggestions for a Happier Life
REVIEW Health and Happiness
Module 35. Social Thinking and Social Influence
35.1 Social Thinking
The Fundamental Attribution Error
35.2 Social Influence
Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures
Obedience: Following Orders
REVIEW Social Thinking and Social Influence
Module 36. Antisocial Relations
36.1 Prejudice
How Prejudiced Are People?
Social Roots of Prejudice
Emotional Roots of Prejudice
Cognitive Roots of Prejudice
36.2 Aggression
The Biology of Aggression
Psychological and Social-Cultural Factors in Aggression
REVIEW Antisocial Relations
Module 37. Prosocial Relations
37.1 Attraction
The Psychology of Attraction
REVIEW Prosocial Relations
Module 38. Classic Perspectives on Personality
38.1 What Is Personality?
38.2 The Psychodynamic Theories
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective: Exploring the Unconscious
The Neo-Freudian and Later Psychodynamic Theorists
Assessing Unconscious Processes
Evaluating Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective and Modern Views of the Unconscious
38.3 Humanistic Theories
Abraham Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Person
Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Perspective
Evaluating Humanistic Theories
REVIEW Classic Perspectives on Personality
Module 39. Contemporary Perspectives on Personality
39.1 Trait Theories
Evaluating Trait Theories
39.2 Social-Cognitive Theories
Assessing Behavior in Situations
Evaluating Social-Cognitive Theories
39.3 Exploring the Self
The Benefits of Self-Esteem
REVIEW Contemporary Perspectives on Personality
Module 40. Basic Concepts of Psychological Disorders
40.1 Understanding Psychological Disorders
The Biopsychosocial Approach
40.2 Classifying Disorders—and Labeling People
40.3 Rates of Psychological Disorders
REVIEW Basic Concepts of Psychological Disorders
Module 41. Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD
41.1 Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
41.2 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
41.3 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
41.4 Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD
REVIEW Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD
Module 42. Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder
42.1 Major Depressive Disorder
42.3 Understanding Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder
The Biological Perspective
The Social-Cognitive Perspective
REVIEW Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder
Module 43. Schizophrenia and Other Disorders
43.1 Schizophrenia
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Onset and Development of Schizophrenia
Understanding Schizophrenia
REVIEW Schizophrenia and Other Disorders
Module 44. Introduction to Therapy and the Psychological Therapies
44.1 Treating Psychological Disorders
44.2 Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapies
The Goals of Psychoanalysis
The Techniques of Psychoanalysis
44.3 Humanistic Therapies
44.4 Behavior Therapies
Classical Conditioning Techniques
44.5 Cognitive Therapies
Beck’s Therapy for Depression
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
44.6 Group and Family Therapies
44.7 Evaluating Psychotherapies
Is Psychotherapy Effective?
Which Psychotherapies Work Best?
Evaluating Alternative Therapies
How Do Psychotherapies Help People?
Culture and Values in Psychotherapy
Finding a Mental Health Professional
REVIEW Introduction to Therapy and the Psychological Therapies
Module 45. The Biomedical Therapies and Preventing Psychological Disorders
45.1 Drug Therapies
Mood-Stabilizing Medications
45.2 Brain Stimulation
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Alternative Neurostimulation Therapies
45.4 Therapeutic Lifestyle Change
45.5 Preventing Psychological Disorders and Building Resilience
REVIEW The Biomedical Therapies and Preventing Psychological Disorders
Describing Data
Measures of Central Tendency
Correlation: A Measure of Relationships
Regression Toward the Mean
Significant Differences
When Is an Observed Difference Reliable?
When Is an Observed Difference “Significant”?
REVIEW Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life
Personnel Psychology
Matching Interests and Strengths to Work
Do Interviews Predict Performance?
Organizational Psychology
Satisfaction and Engagement
The Human Factor
REVIEW Psychology at Work