REVIEW Health and Happiness

Learning Objectives

Test Yourself by taking a moment to answer each of these Learning Objective Questions (repeated here from within the module). Research suggests that trying to answer these questions on your own will improve your long-term memory of the concepts (McDaniel et al., 2009).

Question

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ANSWER: We use problem-focused coping to change the stressor or the way we interact with it. We use emotion-focused coping to avoid or ignore stressors and attend to emotional needs related to stress reactions.

Question

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ANSWER: A perceived lack of control provokes an outpouring of hormones that put people's health at risk. Being unable to avoid repeated aversive events can lead to learned helplessness. People who perceive an internal locus of control achieve more, enjoy better health, and are happier than those who perceive an external locus of control.

Question

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ANSWER: Exercising willpower temporarily depletes the mental energy needed for self-control on other tasks. Self-control requires attention and energy, but it predicts good health, higher income, and better grades.

Question

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ANSWER: Studies of people with an optimistic outlook show that their immune system is stronger, their blood pressure does not increase as sharply in response to stress, their recovery from heart bypass surgery is faster, and their life expectancy is longer, compared with their pessimistic counterparts.

Question

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ANSWER: Social support promotes health by calming us, by reducing blood pressure and stress hormones, and by fostering stronger immune functioning.

Question

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ANSWER: Aerobic exercise is sustained, oxygen-consuming activity that increases heart and lung fitness. It increases arousal, leads to muscle relaxation and sounder sleep, triggers the production of neurotransmitters, and enhances self-image. It can relieve depression and, in later life, is associated with better cognitive functioning and longer life.

Question

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ANSWER: Relaxation and mindfulness meditation have been shown to reduce stress by relaxing muscles, lowering blood pressure, improving immune functioning, and lessening anxiety and depression. Massage therapy also relaxes muscles and reduces depression.

Question

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ANSWER: The faith factor is the finding that religiously active people tend to live longer than those who are not religiously active. Possible explanations may include the effect of intervening variables, such as the healthy behaviors, social support, or positive emotions often found among people who regularly attend religious services.

Question

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ANSWER: A good mood brightens people's perceptions of the world. Subjective well-being is your perception of being happy or satisfied with life. Happy people tend to be healthy, energized, and satisfied with life. They also are more willing to help others (the feel-good, do-good phenomenon). Positive psychologists use scientific methods to study human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive. The three pillars of positive psychology are positive well-being; positive character; and positive groups, communities, and cultures.

Question

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ANSWER: The moods triggered by good or bad events seldom last beyond that day. Even significant good events, such as sudden wealth, seldom increase happiness for long. Happiness is relative to our own experiences (the adaptation-level phenomenon) and to others' success (the relative deprivation principle).

Question

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ANSWER: Some individuals, because of their genetic predispositions and personal histories, are happier than others. Cultures, which vary in the traits they value and the behaviors they expect and reward, also influence personal levels of happiness. Those who want to be happier can (1) realize that financial success may not lead to enduring happiness; (2) take control of their time; (3) act happy to trigger facial and behavioral feedback; (4) seek skill-engaging work and leisure to foster flow; (5) buy shared experiences rather than things; (6) exercise; (7) get adequate sleep; (8) nurture close relationships; (9) focus beyond themselves; (10) record and express their gratitude; and (11) nurture their spiritual self.

Terms and Concepts to Remember

Test yourself on these terms.

Question

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439

Experience the Testing Effect

Test yourself repeatedly throughout your studies. This will not only help you figure out what you know and don’t know; the testing itself will help you learn and remember the information more effectively thanks to the testing effect.

Question 11.8

1. When faced with a situation over which you feel you have no sense of control, it is most effective to use lWEivx6MA4xSt76s (emotion/problem)-focused coping.

Question 11.9

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Question 11.10

3. When elderly patients take an active part in managing their own care and surroundings, their morale and health tend to improve. Such findings indicate that people do better when they experience an 2xZWjOgY0d4t/hRoUfnS+w== (internal/external) locus of control.

Question 11.11

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Question 11.12

5. Because it triggers the release of mood-boosting neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and the endorphins, HJNueXSwFSJyv3d/ exercise raises energy levels and helps alleviate depression and anxiety.

Question 11.13

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Question 11.14

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Question 11.15

8. 0K0HOBGFuYB3bOl8oQ6rxg== psychology is a scientific field of study focused on how humans thrive and flourish.

Question 11.16

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Question 11.17

10. A philosopher observed that we cannot escape envy, because there will always be someone more successful, more accomplished, or richer with whom to compare ourselves. In psychology, this observation is embodied in the COMUPjHWQeypmVGITS6f1u1txEQqsPhLbUbLMw== principle.

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