REVIEW Antisocial Relations

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Learning Objectives

Test Yourself by taking a moment to answer each of these Learning Objective Questions (repeated here from within the module). Research suggests that trying to answer these questions on your own will improve your long-term memory of the concepts (McDaniel et al., 2009).

Question

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ANSWER: Prejudice is an unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice's three components are beliefs (often stereotypes), emotions, and predispositions to action (discrimination). Overt prejudice in North America has decreased over time, but implicit prejudice—an automatic, unthinking attitude—continues. The social roots of prejudice include social inequalities and divisions. Higher-status groups often justify their privileged position with the just-world phenomenon. We tend to favor our own group (ingroup bias) as we divide ourselves into “us” (the ingroup) and “them” (the outgroup). Prejudice can also be a tool for protecting our emotional well-being, as when we focus our anger by blaming events on a scapegoat.

Question

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ANSWER: The cognitive roots of prejudice grow from our natural ways of processing information: forming categories, remembering vivid cases, and believing that the world is just and that our own and our culture's ways of doing things are the right ways.

Question

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ANSWER: In psychology's more specific meaning, aggression is any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally. Biology influences our threshold for aggressive behaviors at three levels: genetic (inherited traits), neural (activity in key brain areas), and biochemical (such as alcohol or excess testosterone in the bloodstream). Aggression is a complex behavior resulting from the interaction of biology and experience.

Question

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ANSWER: Frustration (frustration-aggression principle), previous reinforcement for aggressive behavior, observing an aggressive role model, and poor self-control can all contribute to aggression. Media portrayals of violence provide social scripts that children learn to follow. Viewing sexual violence contributes to greater aggression toward women. Playing violent video games increases aggressive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

Terms and Concepts to Remember

Test yourself on these terms.

Question

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Experience the Testing Effect

Test yourself repeatedly throughout your studies. This will not only help you figure out what you know and don’t know; the testing itself will help you learn and remember the information more effectively thanks to the testing effect.

Question 12.10

1. Prejudice toward a group involves negative feelings, a tendency to discriminate, and overly generalized beliefs referred to as RXBGnDHeNByxpkV6hoYTpQ== .

Question 12.11

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ANSWER: This reaction could occur because we tend to overgeneralize from vivid, memorable cases.

Question 12.12

3. The other-race effect occurs when we assume that other groups are w4/XmpGVUtcmSod7 (more/less) homogeneous than our own group.

Question 12.13

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Question 12.14

5. When those who feel frustrated become angry and aggressive, this is referred to as the A7NkJwiCkBj2oGnEgyf/2EX3v2LQDwRTtWj56wCXwTxk76CQ/TtcGkezC7KA1V9zW8nl+yLv1r2KHMeeCshRKPgUlSF2VGls .

Question 12.15

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Question 12.16

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