REVIEW Gender Development

Learning Objectives

180

Test Yourself by taking a moment to answer each of these Learning Objective Questions (repeated here from within the module). Research suggests that trying to answer these questions on your own will improve your long-term memory of the concepts (McDaniel et al., 2009).

Question

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ANSWER: In psychology, gender is the socially influenced characteristics by which people define men and women. Sex refers to the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define males and females. Our gender is thus the product of the interplay among our biological dispositions, our developmental experiences, and our current situation.

Question

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ANSWER: We are more alike than different, thanks to our similar genetic makeup—we see, hear, learn, and remember similarly. Males and females do differ in body fat, muscle, height, age of onset of puberty, life expectancy, and vulnerability to certain disorders. Men admit to more aggression than women do, and they are more likely to be physically aggressive. Women's aggression is more likely to be relational. In most societies, men have more social power, and their leadership style tends to be directive, whereas women's is more democratic. Women focus more on social connectedness, and they “tend and befriend.”

Question

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ANSWER: Both sex chromosomes and sex hormones influence development. Biological sex is determined by the father's contribution to the twenty-third pair of chromosomes. The mother always contributes an X chromosome. The father may also contribute an X chromosome, producing a female, or a Y chromosome, producing a male by triggering additional testosterone release and the development of male sex organs. During puberty, both primary and secondary sex characteristics develop. Sex-related genes and physiology influence behavioral and cognitive differences between males and females. Disorders of sexual development are inherited conditions that involve unusual development of sex chromosomes and anatomy.

Question

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ANSWER: Gender roles, the behaviors a culture expects from its males and females, vary across place and time. Social learning theory proposes that we learn gender identity—our sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two—as we learn other things: through reinforcement, punishment, and observation. Critics argue that cognition also plays a role because modeling and rewards cannot explain variability in gender typing. Some children organize themselves into “boy worlds” and “girl worlds”; others prefer androgyny. Transgender people's gender identity or expression differs from their birth sex. Their sexual orientation may be heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, or asexual.

Terms and Concepts to Remember

Test yourself on these terms.

Question

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Experience the Testing Effect

Test yourself repeatedly throughout your studies. This will not only help you figure out what you know and don’t know; the testing itself will help you learn and remember the information more effectively thanks to the testing effect.

Question 5.1

1. Psychologists define VpmqLQFJ98s= as the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define males and females. The socially influenced characteristics by which people define men and women is i20AsAw+XZXew9/Q .

Question 5.2

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Question 5.3

3. A fertilized egg will develop into a boy if it receives a/n H7pgbobQ4ZQ= chromosome from its father.

Question 5.4

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Question 5.5

5. On average, girls begin puberty at about the age of Ft2gTeF9bQjGRkAMCgXouA== , boys at about the age of 5xY/aE3Gfi5vCshN5BAssQ== .

Question 5.6

6. An individual who is born with sexual anatomy that differs from typical male or female anatomy has a NrhTcl5XohbsyX/ll+llWT8jCMlxVQqIPzeuwsIR7pDxCYeG .

Question 5.7

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Question 5.8

8. When children have developed a iAkih7yDquq+/AILWpZ0yk8/iIM= , they have a sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two.

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