Test Yourself by taking a moment to answer each of these Learning Objective Questions (repeated here from within the module). Research suggests that trying to answer these questions on your own will improve your long-
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Test yourself on these terms.
biological constraints (p. 267) cognitive map (p. 270) latent learning (p. 270) intrinsic motivation (p. 271) extrinsic motivation (p. 271) observational learning (p. 272) modeling (p. 272) mirror neurons (p. 273) prosocial behavior (p. 275) | a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment. positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior. frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy. evolved biological tendencies that predispose animals' behavior and learning. Thus, certain behaviors are more easily learned than others. learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake. learning by observing others. the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. |
Test yourself repeatedly throughout your studies. This will not only help you figure out what you know and don’t know; the testing itself will help you learn and remember the information more effectively thanks to the testing effect.
1. Garcia and Koelling's studies showed that conditioning can occur even when the unconditioned stimulus (US) does not immediately follow the neutral stimulus (NS).
2. Taste-aversion research has shown that some animals develop aversions to certain tastes but not to sights or sounds. What evolutionary psychology finding does this support?
3. Evidence that cognitive processes play an important role in learning comes in part from studies in which rats running a maze develop .
4. Rats that explored a maze without any reward were later able to run the maze as well as other rats that had received food rewards for running the maze. The rats that had learned without reinforcement demonstrated .
5. Children learn many social behaviors by imitating parents and other models. This type of learning is called .
6. According to Bandura, we learn by watching models because we experience reinforcement or punishment .
7. Parents are most effective in getting their children to imitate them if
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8. Some scientists believe that the brain has neurons that enable empathy and imitation.
9. Most experts agree that repeated viewing of media violence
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