FIGURE 20.4 Prey defenses. Predation has favored the evolution of fascinating antipredator defenses. (a) The camouflage of this stone flounder (Kareius bicoloratus) makes it difficult for predators to see it. (b) Sharp spines protect this porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) from predators. (c) The poison dart frog (Epipedobates bilinguis) has a toxic skin. (d) This nontoxic frog (Allobates zaparo) mimics the appearance of the poison dart frog.
(a: Stephen Frink Collection/Alamy; b: B. von Hoffman/ClassicStock/The Image Works; c: Morley Read/Alamy; d: Luis Louro/Alamy)