In this module, we looked at the formation of Earth and the distribution of minerals. After Earth formed, heavier elements sank to the core, which accounts for the distribution and abundance of elements we see at the surface of Earth. The plates that overlay Earth and move at different rates further distribute elements. Plates are in constant motion around the globe and the resulting seismic activity contributes to various environmental hazards and has led to the creation of different landforms such as mountain ranges. Minerals and rocks of various compositions result from the chemical composition of the material that forms them, and the geologic conditions under which they form. When rocks and minerals break down as a result of various environmental conditions, they release chemical elements and the precursors of soils. In the next module we will examine the conditions under which rocks break down and how that contributes to the variety of soils that form around the world.

Module 24 AP^® Review Questions

Question 1

1. The core

2. The crust

3. The asthenophere

4. The mantle

5. The lithosphere

Question 2

1. is the reason similar fossils appear on both sides of the Atlantic.

2. is the result of a hot spot moving near a plate boundary.

3. occurs when one plate passes under another.

4. occurs when oceanic plates diverge and form volcanoes.

5. is the process in transform boundaries that results in earthquakes.

Question 3

1. at a divergent plate boundary.

2. at a hot spot.

3. at a convergent plate boundary.

4. at a transform fault.

5. at a mid-ocean ridge.

Question 4

1. 24 m

2. 1,500 m

3. 3,000 m

4. 4,800 m

5. 12,000 m

Question 5

1. Extrusive igneous

2. Intrusive igneous

3. Basaltic

4. Sedimentary

5. Metamorphic

Question 6

1. divergent boundaries.

2. convergent boundaries.

3. transform boundaries.

4. hot spots.

5. subduction zones.