xiii

Our deep appreciation and heartfelt thanks are due to the experienced AP^® teachers who participated in focus groups and/or reviewed the manuscript during the development of this book. Their contributions have been invaluable.

Cynthia Ahmed, Signature School, IN

Timothy Allen, Thomas A. Edison Preparatory High School, OK

Julie Back, Kecoughtan High School, VA

Maureen Bagwell, Collierville High School, TN

Fredrick Baldwin, Kendall High School, NY

Lisa Balzas, Indian Springs School, AL

Debra Bell, Montgomery High School, TX

Melinda Bell, Flagstaff Arts and Leadership Academy, AZ

Karen Benton, South Brunswick High School, NJ

Richard Benz, Wickliffe High School, OH

Cindy Birkner, Webber Township High School, IL

Christine Bouchard, Milford Public Schools, CT

Gail Boyarsky, East Chapel Hill High School, NC

Rebecca Bricen, Johnsonburg High School, PA

Deanna Brunlinger, Elkhorn Area High School, WI

Kevin Bryan, Woodrow Wilson Senior High School, CA

Tanya Bunch, Carter High School, TN

Diane Burrell, Starr’s Mill High School, GA

Teri Butler, New Hanover High School, NC

Charles Campbell, Russellville High School, AR

Sande Caton, Concord High School, DE

Andrea Charles, West Side Leadership Academy, IN

Linda Charpentier, Xavier High School, CT

Blanca Ching, Fort Hamilton High School, NY

Ashleigh Coe, Bethesda-Chevy Chase High School, MD

Bethany Colburn, Randolph High School, MA

Jonathan D. Cole, Holmdel High School, NJ

Robert Compton, Walled Lake Northern High School, MI

Ann Cooper, Oseola High School, AR

Thomas Cooper, The Walker School, GA

Joyce Corriere, Hampton High School, VA

Stephanie Crow, Milford High School, MI

Stephen Crowley, Winooski High School, VT

Linda D’Apolito, Trinity School, NY

Brygida DeRiemaker, Eisenhower High School, MI

Chand Desai, Martin Luther King Magnet High School, TN

Michael Douglas, Bronx Prep Charter School, NY

Nancy Dow, A. Crawford Mosley High School, FL

Nat Draper, Deep Run High School, VA

Denis DuBay, Leesville High School, NC

John Dutton, Shaw High School, OH

Heather Earp, West Johnston High School, NC

Kim Eife, Academy of Notre Dame, PA

Brian Elliot, San Dimas High School, CA

Christina Engen, Crescenta Valley High School, CA

Mary Anne Evans, Allendale Columbia School, NY

Kay Farkas, Rush-Henrietta High School, NJ

Tim Fennell, LASA at LBJ High School, TX

Michael Finch, Greene County Tech High School, AR

Robert Ford, Fairfield College Preparatory School, CT

Paul Frisch, Fox Lane High School, NY

Bob Furhman, The Covenant School, VA

Nivedita (Nita) Ganguly, Oak Ridge High School, TN

Mike Gaule, Ladywood High School, MI

Billy Goodman, Passaic Valley High School, NJ

Amanda Graves, Mt. Tahoma High School, WA

Barbara Gray, Richmond Community High School, VA

Jack Greene, Logan High School, UT

Jeannie Kornfeld, Hanover High School, NH

Jen Kotkin, St. Philip’s Academy, NJ

Pat Kretzer, Timber Creek High School, FL

Michelle Krug, Coral Springs High School, FL

Jim Kuipers, Chicago Christian High School, IL

xiv

Claire Kull, Career Center, NC

Jay Kurima, O. D. Wyatt High School, TX

Tom LaHue, Aptos High School, CA

Cathy Larson, Patuxent High School, MD

Michael Lauer, Danville High School, KY

Sonia Laureni, West Orange High School, NJ

Amy Lawson, Naples High School, FL

Jim Lehner, The Taft School, CT

Dr. Avon Lewis, Lexington High School, MA

Marie Lieberman, Ravenscroft School, NC

John Ligget, Conestoga High School, PA

Ann Linsley, Bellaire High School, TX

Mark Little, Broomfield High School, CO

Leyana Lloyd, Washington Senior Academy, GA

Larry Lollar, Alice High School, TX

Stephanie Longfellow, Deltona High School, FL

Sue Ellen Lyons, Holy Cross School, LA

Theresa Lyster, Camden County High School, GA

John F. Madden, Ashley Hall School, SC

Jeremy Magee, Sandy High School, OR

Mike Mallon, James I. O’Neill High School, NY

Scott Martin, Deer Creek High School, OK

Kristi Martinez, Eastlake High School, WA

Christeena Mathews, The Philadelphia High School for Girls, PA

Courtney Mayer, Winston Churchill High School, TX

Monica Maynard, Schurr High School, CA

James McAdams, Center Grove High School, IN

Kristen McClellen, Grand Junction High School, CO

Sandy McDonough, North Salem Middle/High School, NY

Diane Medford, Los Alamos High School, NM

Leslie Miller, Flintridge Sacred Heart Academy, CA

Lonnie Miller, El Diamante High School, CA

Melody Mingus, Breckinridge County High School, KY

Myra Morgan, National Math & Science Initiative, AP^® Environmental Consultant

Tammy Morgan, Lake Placid High School, NY

David Moscarelli, Ponaganset High School, RI

Terri Mountjoy, Greene County Career Center, OH

Bill Mulhearn, Archmere Academy, DE

Sharna Murphy, Millikan High School, CA

Jeanine Musgrove, Oakton High School, VA

Anna Navarro, Veterans Memorial High School, TX

Barbara Nealon, Southern York County School District, PA

Dara Nix-Stevenson, American Hebrew Academy, NC

Bennett O’Connor, Dallas ISD, TX

Robert Oddo, Horace Greeley High School, NY

Kate Oitzinger, El Molino High School, CA

Paul Olson, Redwood High School, CA

Janet Ort, Hoover High School, AL

Roger Palmer, Bishop Dunne High School, TX

Annetta Pasquarello, Triton Regional High School, NJ

Lynn Paulsen, Mayde Creek High School, TX

Judy Perrella, Academy of the Holy Names, FL

Carolyn Phillips, Southeastern High School, IL

Pam Phillips, Hayden High School, AL

Alanna Piccillo, Palisade High School, CO

Julie Quinn Kiernan, Cretin-Durham Hall, NC

Jenny Ramsey, Charlotte Christian School, NC

Susan Ramsey, VASS, VA

Cristen Rasmussen, Costa Mesa High School, CA

Alesa Rehmann, Coral Shores High School, FL

Mark Reilly, Jefferson High School, IΩ

Kimbell Reitz, Penn High School, IN

Cheryl Rice, Howard High School, MD

Sharon Riley, Springfield High School, OH

Chris Robson, Ironwood Ridge High School, AZ

James Rodewald, Shaker High School, NY

Kurt Rogers, Northern Highlands Regional High School, NJ

Kris Rohrbeck, Almont High School, MI

David Rouby, Hall High School, AR

Rebecca Rouch, East Bay High School, FL

Jennifer Roy, TrekNorth Junior & Senior High School, MN

Reva Beth Russell, Lehi High School, UT

Sheila Scanlan, Highland High School, AZ

Kristi Schertz, Saugus High School, CA

Greg Schiller, James Monroe High School, CA

Amy Schwartz, Aragon High School, CA

Shashi Sharma, Henry Snyder High School, NJ

Tonya Shires, Edgewood High School, MD

Pamela Shlachtman, South Dade Senior High School, FL

Julie Smiley, Winchester Community High School, IN

Amy Snodgrass, Central High School, AR

Bill Somerlot, New Albany High School, OH

Anne Soos, Stuart Country Day School of the Sacred Heart, NJ

Joan Stevens, Arcadia High School, CA

Marianne Strickhart, Henry Snyder High School, NJ

Timothy Strout, Jericho High School, NY

xv

Robert Summers, A+ College Ready, AL

Jeff Sutton, The Harker School, CA

Dave Szaroleta, Salesianum School, DE

Kristen Thomson, Saratoga High School, CA

James Timmons, Carrboro High School, NC

Thomas Tokarski, Woodlands High School, NY

Susan Tully, Salem Academy Charter School, MA

Debra Tyson, Brooke Pointe High School, VA

Melissa Valentine, Elizabeth Seton High School, MD

Dirk Valk, McKeel Academy, FL

Gene Vann, Head-Royce School, CA

Rebecca Van Tassell, Herron High School, IN

Marc Vermeire, Friday Harbor High School, WA

Naomi Volain, Springfield Central High School, MA

Betty Walden, Merritt Island High School, FL

Craig Wallace, North Oldham High School, KY

Abbie Walston, North Haven High School, CT

Annette Weeks, Battle Ground High School, WA

Pamela Weghorst, Ardrey Kell High School, NC

Michelle Whitehurst, Powhatan High School, VA

Jane Whitelock, Easton High School, MD

Laurie Whitesell, Eli Whitney Middle School, OK

Robert Whitney, Westview High School, CA

Carol Widegren, Lincoln Park High School, IL

Sarrah Williams, Hamden Hall Country Day School, CT

Robert Willis, Lakeside High School,GA

We are also indebted to numerous college instructors, many of whom are also involved in AP^® Environmental Science, for their insights and suggestions through various stages of development. The content experts who carefully reviewed Chapters in their area of expertise are designated with an asterisk (*).

M. Stephen Ailstock, PhD, Anne Arundel Community College

Deniz Z. Altin-Ballero, Georgia Perimeter College

Daphne Babcock, Collin County Community College District

Jay L. Banner, University of Texas at San Antonio

James W. Bartolome, University of California, Berkeley

Ray Beiersdorfer, Youngstown State University

Grady Price Blount, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi

Dr. Edward M. Brecker, Palm Beach Community College, Boca Raton

Anne E. Bunnell, East Carolina University

Ingrid C. Burke, Colorado State University

Anya Butt, Central Alabama Community College

John Callewaert, University of Michigan *

Kelly Cartwright, College of Lake County

Mary Kay Cassani, Florida Gulf Coast University

Young D. Choi, Purdue University Calumet

John C. Clausen, University of Connecticut *

Richard K. Clements, Chattanooga State Technical Community College

Thomas Cobb, Bowling Green State University, OH

Stephen D. Conrad, Indiana Wesleyan University

Terence H. Cooper, University of Minnesota, Saint Mary’s Winona Campus

Douglas Crawford-Brown, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Wynn W. Cudmore, Chemeketa Community College

Katherine Kao Cushing, San Jose State University

Maxine Dakins, University of Idaho

Robert Dennison, Heartland Community College

Michael Denniston, Georgia Perimeter College

Roman Dial, Alaska Pacific University

Robert Dill, Bergen Community College

Michael L. Draney, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay

Anita I. Drever, University of Wyoming *

James Eames, Loyola University New Orleans

Kathy Evans, Reading Area Community College

Mark Finley, Heartland Community College

Dr. Eric J. Fitch, Marietta College

Karen F. Gaines, Northeastern Illinois University

James E. Gawel, University of Washington, Tacoma

Carri Gerber, Ohio State University Agricultural Technical Institute

Julie Grossman, Saint Mary’s University of Minnesota, Saint Mary’s Winona Campus

xvi

Lonnie J. Guralnick, Roger Williams University

Sue Habeck, Tacoma Community College

Hilary Hamann, Colorado College

Dr. Sally R. Harms, Wayne State College

Floyd Hayes, Pacific Union College

Keith R. Hench, Kirkwood Community College

William Hopkins, Virginia Tech *

Richard Jensen, Hofstra University

Sheryll Jerez, Stephen F. Austin State University

Shane Jones, College of Lake County

Caroline A. Karp, Brown University

Erica Kipp, Pace University, Pleasantville/Briarcliff

Christopher McGrory Klyza, Middlebury College *

Frank T. Kuserk, Moravian College

Matthew Landis, Middlebury College *

Kimberly Largen, George Mason University

Larry L. Lehr, PhD, Baylor University

Zhaohui Li, University of Wisconsin, Parkside

Thomas R. MacDonald, University of San Francisco

Robert Stephen Mahoney, Johnson & Wales University

Bryan Mark, Ohio State University, Columbus Campus

Paula J.S. Martin, Juniata College

Robert J. Mason, Tennessee Temple University

Michael R. Mayfield, Ball State University

Alan W. McIntosh, University of Vermont

Dr. Kendra K. McLauchlan, Kansas State University *

Patricia R. Menchaca, Mount San Jacinto Community College

Dr. Dorothy Merritts, Franklin and Marshall College *

Bram Middeldorp, Minneapolis Community and Technical College

Tamera Minnick, Mesa State College

Mark Mitch, New England College

Ronald Mossman, Miami Dade College, North

William Nieter, St. John’s University

Mark Oemke, Alma College

Victor Okereke, PhD, PE, Morrisville State College

Duke U. Ophori, Montclair State University

Chris Paradise, Davidson College

Dr. Clayton A. Penniman, Central Connecticut State University

Christopher G. Peterson, Loyola University Chicago

Craig D. Phelps, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick

F.X. Phillips, PhD, McNeese State University

Rich Poirot, Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation *

Bradley R. Reynolds, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga

Amy Rhodes, Smith College *

Marsha Richmond, Wayne State University

Sam Riffell, Mississippi State University

Jennifer S. Rivers, Northeastern Illinois University

Ellison Robinson, Midlands Technical College

Bill D. Roebuck, Dartmouth Medical School *

William J. Rogers, West Texas A&M University

Thomas Rohrer, Central Michigan University

Aldemaro Romero, Arkansas State University

William R. Roy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Steven Rudnick, University of Massachusetts, Boston

Heather Rueth, Grand Valley State University

Eleanor M. Saboski, University of New England

Seema Sah, Florida International University

Shamili Ajgaonkar Sandiford, College of DuPage

Robert M. Sanford, University of Southern Maine

Nan Schmidt, Pima Community College

Jeffery A. Schneider, State University of New York at Oswego

Bruce A. Schulte, Georgia Southern University

Eric Shulenberger, University of Washington

Michael Simpson, Antioch University New England *

Annelle Soponis, Reading Area Community College

Douglas J. Spieles, Denison University

David Steffy, Jacksonville State University

Christiane Stidham, State University of New York at Stony Brook

Peter F. Strom, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick

Kathryn P. Sutherland, University of Georgia

Christopher M. Swan, University of Maryland, Baltimore County *

Melanie Szulczewski, University of Mary Washington

Jamey Thompson, Hudson Valley Community College

John A. Tiedemann, Monmouth University

Conrad Toepfer, Brescia University

Todd Tracy, Northwestern College

Steve Trombulak, Middlebury College

Zhi Wang, California State University, Fresno

Jim White, University of Colorado, Boulder

Rich Wolfson, Middlebury College *

C. Wesley Wood, Auburn University

David T. Wyatt, Sacramento City College