1 B. R. Patton and K. Giffen, Decision-Making Group Interaction, 2nd ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1978), 2.

2 I. Janis, Victims of Groupthink (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972).

3 See B. Kennedy, “The Hijacking of Foreign Policy Decision Making: Groupthink and Presidential Power in the Post 9/11 World,” Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal 21 (2012): 637.

4 K. D. Benne and P. Sheats, “Functional Roles of Group Members,” Journal of Social Issues 1, no. 4 (1948): 41, 49. For a modern application of the idea between types of roles for group members, consider A. N. Novak, C. M. Mascaro, and S. P. Goggins, “Virtual Play and Communities: The Evolution of Group Roles in Electronic Trace Data,” in Proceedings of the 2012 iConference on Culture, Design and Society, 490–91, available at http://www.dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2132260.

5 The reflective-thinking process was developed from the ideas of John Dewey, an American philosopher who was interested in problem-solving.