CHAPTER 13 Concept Review

CHAPTER 13 Concept Review

The Human Sphere: People and Rocks

Question 13.26

1. What roles have Earth materials played in human history?

13.1 Minerals and Rocks: Building Earth’s Crust

Question 13.27

2. What is a mineral?

Question 13.28

3. What are the four mineral classes? Which is most common?

Question 13.29

4. What are rocks composed of? In what two ways are rocks held together?

Question 13.30

5. How is bedrock different from an outcrop? Where are outcrops found?

Question 13.31

6. Within the context of the rock cycle, compare igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.

Question 13.32

7. Through what process are rocks recycled into the mantle?

Question 13.33

8. Where does the energy needed to drive the rock cycle come from?

Question 13.34

9. How does plate tectonics relate to the rock cycle?

13.2 Cooling the Inferno: Igneous Rocks

Question 13.35

10. Describe the tectonic settings in which igneous rocks form.

Question 13.36

11. In what two ways does mantle material melt into magma in the crust?

Question 13.37

12. Give examples of igneous rock formations found beneath the surface. How are these subsurface features exposed at the surface through geologic time?

Question 13.38

13. What is an igneous rock? How is an intrusive igneous rock different from an extrusive igneous rock?

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Question 13.39

14. Provide examples of igneous rock types.

Question 13.40

15. Compare phaneritic igneous rocks with aphanitic igneous rocks with respect to where each forms. Give examples of each.

Question 13.41

16. Compare felsic igneous rocks with mafic igneous rocks with respect to their silica content.

13.3 Layers of Time: Sedimentary Rocks

Question 13.42

17. What is a sedimentary rock? How are sedimentary rocks formed?

Question 13.43

18. What percentage of Earth’s crust is sedimentary rock? What percentage of the exposed crust is sedimentary rock?

Question 13.44

19. Compare clastic, organic, and chemical sedimentary rocks in terms of how each is formed.

Question 13.45

20. Give examples of depositional environments where sedimentary rocks form.

Question 13.46

21. Provide examples of sedimentary rock types.

Question 13.47

22. What kind of rock is coal? Describe how it forms. Describe petroleum and natural gas in the context of their importance to people.

Question 13.48

23. What is mountaintop removal mining? Where is it practiced? How is it environmentally destructive?

Question 13.49

24. How is salt formed? What kind of sedimentary rock is salt?

Question 13.50

25. What are fossils? What information do fossils give us about Earth’s history and life?

13.4 Pressure and Heat: Metamorphic Rocks

Question 13.51

26. What is metamorphism? Give two tectonic environments in which metamorphism occurs.

Question 13.52

27. What are the two categories of metamorphic rocks? How do they differ in appearance?

Question 13.53

28. What is a metamorphic rock protolith? Give examples.

Question 13.54

29. Give several examples of metamorphic rocks.

13.5 Geographic Perspectives: Fracking for Shale Gas

Question 13.55

30. What is fracking? What does this term stand for? Describe the steps in the technique of fracking.

Question 13.56

31. What are the roles of water and chemicals in this procedure?

Question 13.57

32. As of 2012, how many oil and gas wells were in use in the United States? What are the projected trends for use of shale gas in the coming decades?

Question 13.58

33. What is fracking fluid, and why is it contaminated with toxins and radioactivity?

Question 13.59

34. Give the pros and cons of fracking.