CHAPTER 14 Concept Review
The Human Sphere: Deadly Ocean Waves
1. What is a tsunami? How are tsunamis generated? Why are they geohazards?
14.1 About Volcanoes
2. What are the three kinds of volcanoes? Which is the smallest volcano type and which is the largest? Describe how each is built up.
3. What are the three types of lava? Explain how each behaves and what causes it to behave that way.
4. Give examples of the types of materials volcanoes produce. Briefly describe each.
5. What is a joint? What is columnar jointing? In which kind of lava can it be found?
6. What is a large igneous province? Give three examples of where they can be found.
7. What is a caldera and how does it form?
14.2 Pele’s Power: Volcanic Hazards
8. What are the two types of volcanic eruptions, and what controls which type of eruption will occur?
9. What is the VEI?
10. What are the two most deadly products of volcanic eruptions? Explain why each is so hazardous.
11. Can scientists predict volcanic eruptions? Explain.
12. What is the Pacific Ring of Fire? Explain the kind of volcanoes found there and why they are deadly.
14.3 Tectonic Hazards: Faults and Earthquakes
13. Describe the three types of faults. What is the direction of force and the type of movement associated with each?
14. Explain how an earthquake forms using the terms stress and friction. What is elastic rebound theory in this context? What is the stick-
15. Define and briefly explain the following terms: focus, epicenter, and seismic waves.
16. What is a foreshock? What is an aftershock? What causes them?
17. Describe the geographic pattern of earthquakes worldwide. Where do most earthquakes occur?
14.4 Unstable Crust: Seismic Waves
18. Compare a body wave to a surface wave. Where does each travel?
19. Compare a compressional wave with a shear wave. What kind of movement does each produce?
20. What scientific instrumentation is used to measure ground shaking?
21. Compare P waves, S waves, L waves, and R waves in terms of the sequence of their arrival after an earthquake and the strength of the ground shaking they cause.
22. What does the Mercalli scale indicate about an earthquake? What evidence does it use to rank earthquakes?
23. What information about an earthquake does the moment magnitude scale provide?
24. What is liquefaction? On what kind of ground does it occur?
25. Can scientists predict earthquakes?
26. In what ways can people reduce their vulnerability to earthquakes?
14.5 Geographic Perspectives: The World’s Deadliest Volcano
27. What kind of volcano is Tambora? In the context of plate tectonics, explain how Tambora was formed.
28. Given the VEI ranking of Tambora’s 1815 eruption, how much pyroclastic material did it eject into the atmosphere?
29. When was the “Year without a Summer,” and how does the term “volcanic winter” relate to it?
30. Outline the negative effects the Tambora eruption set in motion for various parts of the world.