Valuing group membership.

Valuing independence, uniqueness, and autonomy.

Valuing group harmony, even if it means silencing one’s personal views.

General encouragement to express one’s personal views, even at the cost of disrupting social harmony.

Tolerance for inconsistencies in descriptions of the self across different role contexts.

Preference for consistency of the self across different role contexts.

Fostering of an interdependent self-construal that defines the self in relation to others versus evaluating the self in comparison to others.

Fostering of an independent self-construal that defines and evaluates the self as distinct from others.

A clear distinction between ingroup and outgroup, coupled with a marked preference for the ingroup over the outgroup.

A tendency to regard others as individuals, not members of groups, and to treat people the same regardless of group membership.

Cognition that tends toward a holistic style that looks for relations between parts; sensitivity to connection and context.

Cognition that tends toward an analytical style that looks for parts of the whole; sensitivity to separation and contrast.