Table : Table 8.5 Major Personality Theoretical Approaches
Theoretical ApproachTheoristKey Concepts
PsychoanalyticSigmund FreudId, ego, superego

Conscious, preconscious, unconscious

Pleasure principle, reality principle

Defense mechanisms

Psychosexual stages—oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Erogenous zone, fixation
Carl JungCollective unconscious, archetypes
Alfred AdlerStriving for superiority, inferiority complex
Karen HorneyNeed for security, basic anxiety
HumanisticAbraham MaslowHierarchy of needs, self-actualization
Carl Rogers Conditions of worth, unconditional positive regard, self-actualization
Social-cognitiveAlbert BanduraSelf-system, self-efficacy
Julian RotterLocus of control
TraitHans EysenckThree factors:

Extraversion–Introversion

Neuroticism–Emotional Stability

Psychoticism–Impulse Control
Robert McCrae and Paul CostaFive Factor Model:

Openness

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism