1.

Incorrectly judging the overlap of two uncertain events to be more probable than either of the two events.

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conjunction fallacy

2.

The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure or predicts what it is supposed to predict.

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validity

3.

A new way to interpret a problem that immediately yields the solution.

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insight

4.

Questioning a well-established research finding because you know a person who violates the finding.

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person-who reasoning

5.

The genetically determined limits for an individual’s intelligence.

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reaction range

6.

A problem-solving heuristic in which the distance to the goal state is decreased systematically by breaking the problem down into subgoals and achieving these subgoals.

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means–end analysis heuristic

7.

The tendency to use previously successful problem-solving strategies without considering others that are more appropriate for the current problem.

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mental set

8.

An index of the degree that variation of a trait within a given population is due to heredity.

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heritability

9.

The process that allows test scores to be interpreted by providing test norms.

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standardization

10.

Incorrectly believing that a chance process is self-correcting in that an event that has not occurred for a while is more likely to occur.

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gambler’s fallacy

11.

A problem lacking clear specification of either the start state, goal state, or the processes for reaching the goal state.

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ill-defined problem

12.

A heuristic for estimation problems in which one uses his or her initial estimate as an anchor estimate and then adjusts the anchor up or down (often insufficiently).

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anchoring and adjustment heuristic

13.

A problem-solving heuristic in which one attempts to solve a problem by working from the goal state back to the start state.

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working backward heuristic

14.

The tendency to cling to one’s beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence.

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belief perseverance

15.

A statistical technique that identifies clusters of test items that measure the same ability (factor).

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factor analysis