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ORIGINAL SOURCE

As the country gradually urbanized in the nineteenth century, land prices in cities rose faster than wages. More and more city dwellers had to rent rooms in buildings owned by others. Many lived in boardinghouses—in central Boston, nearly 8 percent of the population were boarders in 1860, and 14 percent were boarders by 1900. In New York that figure seemed higher. “Two-thirds of New York board,” the columnist Louise Furniss joked, “and three-thirds take boarders!” Whatever the precise number, the boardinghouse (along with its cousin the lodging house, which provided rooms but not meals) was a major urban institution in nineteenth-century America. Meanwhile many affluent urbanites lived more or less permanently in hotels, often for convenience rather than out of strict economic necessity.

Working-class families, unable to afford houses of their own, sometimes rented rooms in shared houses originally built for a single family. By the middle of the century, it was a common observation that housing trickled down the social scale over time, as ever-increasing numbers of tenants occupied structures that had not been designed for them. “The wealthy merchant builds himself a palace to-day which will be inhabited by the son of his porter tomorrow; or at best be used as a boarding-house by the widow of his clerk,” one New Yorker remarked in the 1850s. “There are now remaining in New-York but two of the fine old mansions which were built before the Revolution, and one of them is occupied as an emigrant boarding-house, and the other as a restaurant.” As a result, another observed, “the majority of New York households are living like hermit crabs in other creatures’ shells.”

From Banner, Stuart. American Property: A History of How, Why, and What We Own. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.

[The source passage is from pages 163-64.]

AMERICAN PROPERTY: A HISTORY OF HOW, WHY, AND WHAT WE OWN by Stuart Banner, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Copyright © 2011 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.

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