In 1892 the National Farmers’ Alliance moved into the electoral arena as a third political party. The People’s Party of America, known as the Populists, held its first nominating convention in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1892. In addition to incorporating the Alliance’s Ocala planks into their platform, they adopted recommendations to broaden the party’s appeal to industrial workers. Populists endorsed a graduated income tax, which would impose higher tax rates on higher income levels. They also favored the eight-hour workday, a ban on using Pinkerton “mercenaries” in labor disputes, and immigration restriction, which stemmed from the unions’ desire to keep unskilled workers from glutting the market and depressing wages. Reflecting the influence of women such as Mary Lease, the party endorsed women’s suffrage. Although African Americans contributed to the founding of the Populists, the party did not offer specific proposals to prohibit racial discrimination or segregation. Rather, the party focused on remedies to relieve the economic plight of impoverished white and black farmers in general.
See Documents 17.3 and 17.4 to compare the central tenets of the Grange and the Populists.
In 1892 the Populists nominated for president former Union Civil War general James B. Weaver. Although Weaver came in third behind the Democratic victor, Grover Cleveland, and the Republican incumbent, Benjamin Harrison, he managed to win more than one million popular votes and 22 electoral votes. For a third party competing for the presidency for the first time, this was a noteworthy accomplishment.
At the state level, Populists performed even better. They elected 10 congressional representatives, 5 U.S. senators, 3 governors, and 1,500 state legislators. Two years later, the party made even greater strides by increasing its total vote by 42 percent and achieving its greatest strength in the South. This electoral momentum positioned the Populists to make an even stronger run in the next presidential election. The economic depression that began in 1893 and the political discontent it generated further enhanced Populist chances for success. (See e-Document Project 17: The Meanings of Populism.)
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Why was life so difficult for American farmers in the late nineteenth century? |
What were the similarities and differences between farmers’ and industrial workers’ efforts to organize in the late nineteenth century? |