Part 1
CS-1
Visuals Unlimited, Inc./Gregory Basco/Getty Images
Chapter 1
Opening photo Frans Lanting/www.lanting.com. Fig. 1.1 Charles J. Smith. Fig. 1.3 (T) Kirk Johnson, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, (B, L) Dr. David Kring/Photo Researchers, Inc., (B, R) Image courtesy of V. L. Sharpton/Lunar and Planetary Institute. Fig. 1.4 Scott Hailstone/iStockphoto. Fig. 1.10 (a & b) Steve Gschmeissner/Photo Researchers, Inc., (c) Arthur Morris/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (d) Sven-Olof Lindblad/Photo Researchers, Inc., (e) Megapress/Alamy. Fig. 1.11 (a) Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc., (b) Dr. Jonathan Clarke/Wellcome Images, (c) Hemis/Alamy. Fig. 1.14 Dr. Gopal Murti/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 1.15 © Rob Brodman 2011. Fig. 1.16 John Giustina/Photoshot. Fig. 1.18 Neerja Hajela, Michigan State University. Fig. 1.19 Donald Specker/Animals Animals–Earth Scenes. Fig. 1.20 (a) Frans Lanting/www.lanting.com, (b) Ken Lucas/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 1.21 (a) Fred Dimmick/iStockphoto, (b) Arndt Sven-Erik/age fotostock, (c) Nigel Cattlin/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 1.22 (a) Photo Researchers, Inc., (b) G. I. Bernard/Photo Researchers, Inc., (c) Look and Learn/The Bridgeman Art Library, (d) P.W. Sykes/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, (e) James Warwick/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Case 1
Snottites Kenneth Ingham Photography. Hydrothermal vent Image courtesy of New Zealand American Submarine Ring of Fire 2007 Exploration, NOAA Vents Program, the Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences, and NOAA-OE.
Chapter 2
Opening photo Science Photo Library/Alamy. Fig. 2.30 Ray L. Frost, Professor of Physical Chemistry, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
Chapter 3
Opening photo Comstock/Getty Images. Fig. 3.13 Rendered by Dale Muzzey.
Chapter 4
Opening photo Pasieka/SPL/Getty Images. Fig. 4.5 Courtesy of William E. Royer, University of Massachusetts Medical School, and Vukica Srajer, BioCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago. Fig. 4.8, Fig. 4.9, Fig. 4.10, Fig. 4.21 Rendered by Dale Muzzey.
Chapter 5
Opening photo Dr. George Chapman/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 5.1 (L) Science Museum/SSPL/The Image Works, (R) Ted Kinsman/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 5.8 FRAP of cytoplasmic EGFP in living HeLa cells, performed using an UltraVIEW® spinning disk confocal system (PerkinElmer Inc.). HeLa cells were transfected with pEGFP-C1 (Clontech Laboratories, Inc.) using GeneJuice® transfection reagent (Novagen®). A region of interest in the cytoplasm was photobleached using the UltraVIEW® photokinesis unit, and the recovery of fluorescence in this region was observed. (Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) using the UltraVIEW PhotoKinesis accessory, PerkinElmer Technical Note). Fig. 5.15 Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 5.19 Don W. Fawcett/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 5.20 (T) David M. Phillips/Photo Researchers, Inc., (B) Dr. Donald Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 5.21 Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 5.22 Dr. Donald Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 5.27 Dr. Donald Fawcett, K. Porter/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 5.28 Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Chapter 6
Opening photo Purestock/Getty Images. Fig. 6.1 (T, L–R) Dr. Tony Brain/Photo Researchers, Inc., Science PR/Getty Images, copyright 1997 Microbial Diversity, Rolf Schauder, Dr. Martin Oeggerli/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (B, L–R) DNY59/iStockphoto, Science VU/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., EM image by Manfred Rohde, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany, Anna Omelchenko/Dreamstime.com. Fig. 6.16 Rendered by Dale Muzzey.
Chapter 7
Opening photo David Madison/Getty Images.
Chapter 8
Opening photo Imagewerks Japan/Getty Images. Fig. 8.2 Sinclair Stammers/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 8.3 (a) Photo by Zoe G. Cardon from cover of Plant, Cell, & Environment 30(10), Wiley-Blackwell Publishers, (b) Olivier Grunewald, (c) Shattil & Rozinski/Naturepl.com. Fig. 8.5 Manfred Kage. Fig. 8.8 Dr. Howard Berg/Visuals Unlimited, Inc.
Chapter 9
Opening photo Steve Gschmeissner/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 9.12 (T, L) Mark Boulton/Photo Researchers, Inc., (T, R) Mark Smith/Photo Researchers, Inc., (B, L) Werner Bollmann/Oxford Scientific/Getty Images, (B, R) Phillip Colla.
Chapter 10
Opening photo Dr. Torsten Wittmann/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 10.1 (a) Cheryl Power/Photo Researchers, Inc., (b) Professors P. Motta & T. Naguro/Photo Researchers, Inc., (c) Innerspace Imaging/Photo Researchers, Inc., (d) Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc., (e) Don W. Fawcett/Photo Researchers, Inc. Colorization by Mary Martin. Fig. 10.2 Jose Luis Pelaez Inc/Blend Images/Getty Images. Fig. 10.4 (L–R) Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc., Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc., Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers, Inc., Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc./Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 10.5 N. Hirokawa, L. G. Tilney, K. Fujiwara, and J. E. Heuser, 1982, “Organization of Actin, Myosin, and Intermediate Filaments in the Brush Border of Intestinal Epithelial Cells,” Journal of Cell Biology 94:425–443. Fig. 10.6 Courtesy of R. D. Goldman. Fig. 10.7 Helen Osler/Northscot/Rex USA. Fig. 10.12 (T) Maryann Haldi, Adam Amsterdam, and Nancy Hopkins, (B) Courtesy of Darren Logan. Fig. 10.13 (L–R) Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc., Dennis Kunkel Microsopy, Inc./Visuals Unlimited, Inc., Dr. Gopal Murti/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 10.14 Rachel Fink, Mount Holyoke College. Fig. 10.15 (T) Borut Furlan/WaterFrame/age fotostock. (B) Franco Banfi/WaterFrame/age fotostock. Fig. 10.18 Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 10.19 Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 10.20 (T) Tom Grundy/Alamy, (M) Egon Bömsch/age fotostock, (B) Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 10.21 Dr. Alvin Telser/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 10.23 F. Tao, S. Chaudry, B. Tolloczko, J. G. Martin, and S. M. Kelly, 2003, “Modulation of Smooth Muscle Phenotype in Vitro by Homologous Cell Substrate,” American Journal of Physiology/Cell Physiology 284(6):C1531–C1541. Fig. 10.24 Courtesy of Motoyoshi Nomizu. Fig. 10.25 Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Chapter 11
Opening photo Jennifer C. Waters/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 11.3 ISM/Phototake. Fig. 11.5 Conly Rieder and Alexey Khodjakov/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 11.7 (a) Dr. Paul Andrews, University of Dundee/Photo Researchers, Inc., (b) Dr. Robert Calentine/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 11.14 (L) SeaPics.com, (R) Biology Pics/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 11.21 Jose Luis Pelaez Inc./Blend Images/Getty Images.
CS-2
Case 3
Claudia Gilmore Dominic Gutierrez, courtesy of Claudia Gilmore. Karyotypes (L–R) L. Willatt/Photo Researchers, Inc., ISM/Phototake, ISM/Phototake.
Chapter 12
Opening photo Dr. Gopal Murti/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 12.3 Daniel Hartl. Fig.12.14 Guy Tear/Wellcome Images. Fig. 12.16 Reproduced with permission from A. A. Da’dara and R. D. Walter, 1998, “Molecular and Biochemical Characterization of S-Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase from the Free-Living Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans,” Biochemical Journal 336(Pt 3):545–550. © The Biochemical Society. Fig. 12.20 (a) Adam Hart-Davis/Photo Researchers, Inc., (b) Steve Percival/Photo Researchers, Inc., (c) RIA Novosti/Photo Researchers, Inc., (d) Murdo Macleod/Polaris, (e) Barrett & MacKay Photo-barretmacay.com, (f) Steven Morse/University of Missouri/Polaris.
Chapter 13
Opening Photo SSPL/Getty Images. Fig. 13.6 Data from A. Katzourakis, M. Tristem, O. G. Pybus, and R. J. Gifford, 2007, “Discovery and Analysis of the First Endogenous Lentivirus,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104(15):6261–6265. Table 13.1, Table 13.2 Data from “Sequence Composition of the Human Genome” in International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, 2001, “Initial Sequencing and Analysis of the Human Genome” (PDF), Nature 409(6822):860–921, doi:10.1038/35057062, PMID 11237011. Fig. 13.8 After Fig. 1, p. 186, in T. R. Gregory, 2004, “Macroevolution, Hierarchy Theory, and the C-Value Enigma,” Paleobiology 30:179–202. Fig. 13.9 Chromosome sets courtesy of M. Ørgaard, N. Jacobsen, and J. S. Heslop-Harrison, 1995, “The Hybrid Origin of Two Cultivars of Crocus (Iridaceae) Analysed by Molecular Cytogenetics Including Genomic Southern and in situ Hybridization,” Annals of Botany 76:253–262 (photo of crocuses courtesy of the authors). Fig. 13.11 Dr. Klaus Boller/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 13.13 Courtesy of Ulrich Laemmli. Fig. 13.14 Y. Garini, M. Macville, S. du Manoir, R. A. Buckwald, M. Lavi, N. Katzir, D. Wine, I. Bar-Am, E. Schröck, D. Cabib, and T. Ried, 1996, “Spectral Karyotyping,” Bioimaging 4:65–72. Fig. 13.15 National Institutes of Health, National Human Genome Research Institute. Fig. 13.16 Courtesy of H. D. Shew, American Phytopathological Society. Fig. 13.18 (a) Dr. Harold Fisher/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (b) Dr. Timothy Baker/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (c) BSIP/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Chapter 14
Opening photo Tetra Images/Getty Images. Fig. 14.1, Fig. 14.2 After J. W. Drake, B. Charlesworth, D. Charlesworth, J. F. Crow, 1998, “Rates of Spontaneous Mutation,” Genetics 148:1667–1686. Fig. 14.3 Courtesy of Atsushi Hoshino, National Institute for Basic Biology, Japan. Fig. 14.4 Kathleen R. Cho, University of Michigan Medical School. Fig. 14.11 (a) B. Runk/S. Schoenburger/Grant Heilman Photography, (b) Rob Martienssen, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Fig. 14.13 After Y. A. Trusov and P. H. Dear, 1996, “A Molecular Clock Based on the Expansion of Gene Families,” Nucleic Acids Research 24(6):995–999.
Chapter 15
Opening photo Tastyart Ltd Rob White/Getty Images. Fig. 15.7 Photodisc, Stockbroker xtra/age fotostock. Fig. 15.10 Data from G. H. Perry, N. J. Dominy, K. G. Claw, A. S. Lee, H. Fiegler, R. Redon, J. Werner, F. A. Villanea, J. L. Mountain, R. Misra, N. P. Carter, C. Lee, and A. C. Stone, 2007, “Diet and the Evolution of Human Amylase Gene Copy Number Variation,” Nature Genetics 39:1256–1260. Fig. 15.13 After D. L. Hartl and M. Ruvolo, 2012, Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes, 8th ed., Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett, Table 8.2, p. 268. Fig. 15.14 Rex Features via AP Images, Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. Colorization by Mary Martin. Fig. 15.16 After D. L. Hartl and M. Ruvolo, 2012, Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes, 8th ed., Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett, Table 8.2, p. 268.
Chapter 16
Opening photo Koichi Saito/A.collection/Getty Images. Fig. 16.2 Juliette Wade/Getty Images, (inset) Photo by Authenticated News/Getty Images. Fig. 16.16 Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: B. Gao, J. Guo, C. She, A. Shu, M. Yang, Z. Tan, X. Yang, S. Guo, G. Feng, and L. He, 2001, “Mutations in IHH, Encoding Indian hedgehog, Cause Brachydactyly Type A-1,”Nature Genetics 28:386–388. Copyright 2001. Image Courtesy of Bo Gao. Fig. 16.19 National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution (NAA INV 06404400).
Chapter 17
Opening photo SSPL/Getty Images. Fig. 17.1 Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 17.7 Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images. Fig. 17.15 After M. A. Jobling and C. Tyler-Smith, 2003, “The Human Y Chromosome: An Evolutionary Marker Comes of Age,” Nature Reviews Genetics 4:598–612. Fig. 17.16 Courtesy of Dr. Kurenai Tanji, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.
Chapter 18
Opening photo Photononstop/SuperStock. Fig. 18.1 (a) Randy Faris/Corbis, (b) Ashley Cooper/Visuals Unlimited, Inc./Getty Images, (c) Heidi & Hans-Juergen Koch/Minden Pictures, (d) Radius Images/Getty Images. Fig. 18.2 (a) Burwell and Burwell Photography/iStockphoto, (b) Ocean/Corbis, (c) Junophoto/Getty Images, (d) Imago/ZUMApress.com. Fig. 18.3 Bruce Leighty/Getty Images. Fig. 18.5 Data courtesy of J. W. Dudley. Fig. 18.6 Phil Jones/GHSU. Fig. 18.7 Data from F. Galton, 1888, “Co-Relations and Their Measurement, Chiefly from Anthropometric Data,” Proceedings of the Royal Society, London 45:135–145, reprinted in K. Pearson, 1920, “Notes on the History of Correlation,” Biometrika 13:25–45. Table 18.1 Data from M. McGue and T. J. Bouchard, Jr., 1998, “Genetic and Environmental Influences on Human Behavioral Differences,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 21:1–24. Fig. 18.10 (a) AP Photo/Macomb Daily, Craig Gaffield, (b) Bruce Roberts/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 18.12 Data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Newborn Screening and Genetics Resource Center; March of Dimes. Fig. 18.13 Data from X. Wang and B. Paigen, 2005, “Genetics of Variation in HDL Cholesterol in Humans and Mice,” Circulation Research 96:27–42.
Chapter 19
Opening photo Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 19.4 Eyal Nahmias/Alamy.
Chapter 20
Opening photo Stephen Dalton/Minden Pictures. Fig. 20.3 J. B. Gurdon and D. A. Melton, “Nuclear Reprogramming in Cells,” 2008, Science 322:1811–1815. Fig. 20.4 AP Photo/John Chadwick, AP Photo/Pat Sullivan. Fig. 20.9, Fig. 20.10, Fig. 20.11 James Langeland, Steve Paddock and Sean Carroll, HHMI, University of Wisconsin–Madison. Fig. 20.12 (a) F. Rudolf Turner, Ph.D., Indiana University, (b) Thomas Deerinck, NCMIR/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc., David Scharf/Science Faction/Getty Images. Fig. 20.16 (a) Tom Adams/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (b) Norbert Wu/SuperStock, (c) Reinhard Dirscherl/age fotostock, (d) Andrey Armyagov/iStockphoto, (e) Julian Brooks/age fotostock, (f) Walter Geiersperger/age fotostock. Fig. 20.17 (a) Carolina Biological Supply Co./Visuals Unlimited, Inc., Carolina Biological Supply Co./Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (b) INSADCO Photography/Alamy. Fig. 20.18 (a) Cheryl Power/Photo Researchers, Inc., (b) Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc., (c) W. J. Gehring, 2005, “New Perspectives on Eye Development and the Evolution of Eyes and Photoreceptors,” Journal of Heredity 96(3)17–184. Image courtesy of Walter J. Gehring. Fig. 20.19 Juergen Berger/Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany. Fig. 20.20 (a–d) Courtesy of Elliot M. Meyerowitz. Fig. 20.22 (a) Tim Fitzharris/Minden Pictures, (b) Cesar Chavez Photography/Big Stock, (c) Nonn Panitvong, (d) VisionsPictures/Minden Pictures. Fig. 20.24 © Paul Sternberg. Fig. 20.26 (L–R) Digital Vision/Getty Images, LWA/Larry Williams/Getty Images, Michael Poehlman/Getty Images, Fabrice Lerouge/age fotostock, Piotr Marcinsk/Dreamstime.com.
CS-3
Chapter 21
Opening photo Roc Canals Photography/Getty Images. Fig. 21.1 Tim Davis/Corbis. Fig. 21.3 (L) Biopix.dk: G. Drange, (R) Gerry Ellis/Getty Images. Fig. 21.6 akg-images. Fig. 21.7 A. R. Wallace Memorial Fund & G. W. Beccaloni. Fig. 21.8 (a) Dr. Tony Brain/Photo Researchers, Inc., (b) Omikron/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 21.10 Data from L. L. Cavalli-Sforza and W. F. Bodmer, 1971, The Genetics of Human Populations, San Francisco: W. H Freeman, p. 613. Fig. 21.14 After Fig. 20-3, p. 733, in A. J. F. Griffiths, S. R. Wessler, S. B. Carroll, and J. Doebley, 2012, Introduction to Genetic Analysis, 10th ed., New York: W. H. Freeman.
Chapter 22
Opening photo Tui De Roy/Getty Images. Fig. 22.1 Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Fig. 22.2 Louise Morgan/Flickr/Getty Images, mike smith/age fotostock. Fig. 22.3 With kind permission from Springer Science+Business Media. V. A. Lukhtanov and A. V. Dantchenko, 2002, “Principles of the Highly Ordered Arrangement of Metaphase I Bivalents in Spermatocytes of Agrodiaetus (Insecta, Lepidoptera),” Chromosome Research 10(1):5–20, Fig. 1, courtesy of Vladimir Lukhtanov. Fig. 22.4 Courtesy of Darren E. Irwin. Fig. 22.5 Haruo Katakura, 1997, “Species of Epilachna Ladybird Beetles,” Zoological Science 14(6):869–881, Fig. 4, courtesy of Dr. Haruo Katakura. Fig. 22.7 Dr. Arthur Anker, National University of Singapore, Singapore. Fig. 22.8 After D. J. Futuyma, 2009, Evolution, 2nd ed., Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Fig. 18.7, p. 484. Photo: C. H. Greenewalt/VIREO. Fig. 22.9 Phylogenetic tree adapted from Fig. 2.1, p.15, in P. R. Grant and B. R. Grant, 2008, How and Why Species Multiply, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Islands/finch species plot data from Fig. 2.4, p. 23, in P. R. Grant and B. R. Grant, 2008, How and Why Species Multiply, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Fig. 22.10 Data from J. P. Huelsenbeck and B. Rannala, 1997, “Phylogenetic Methods Come of Age: Testing Hypotheses in an Evolutionary Context,” Science 276:230, doi: 10.1126/science.276.5310.227. Photos: (L) Photo by Alex Popinga, courtesy of James Demastes, (R) Richard Ditch @ richditch.com. Fig. 22.13 (TL) Gary A. Monroe @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database, (TR) Jason Rick, (B) Gerald J. Seiler, USDA-ARS. Fig. 22.14 After Fig. 20-18, p. 752, in A. J. F. Griffiths, S. R. Wessler, S. B. Carroll, and J. Doebley, 2012, Introduction to Genetic Analysis, 10th ed., New York: W. H. Freeman.
Chapter 23
Opening photo: Frans Lanting/www.lanting.com. Fig. 23.11 Journal Nature/Xing Xu/Getty Images. Fig. 23.12 National Park Service. Fig. 23.13 José Antonio Hernaiz/age fotostock. Fig. 23.14 Courtesy of Smithsonian Institution. Photo by Chip Clark. Fig. 23.15 Senckenberg, Messel Research Department, Frankfurt a. M. (Germany). Fig. 23.16 (T, L–R) Scott Orr/iStockphoto, Hans Steur, T. Daeschler/VIREO, Illustration by Mark A. Klingler/Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Louie Psihoyos/Corbis, DEA/G. Cigolini/Getty Images, (B, L–R)
Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Andrew Knoll, Harvard University; Antonio Guillén, Proyecto Agua, Spain; Andrew Knoll, Harvard University. Fig. 23.18 Ron Blakey and Colorado Plateau Geosystems, Inc. Fig. 23.19 Data from C. Zimmer, 2009, The Tangled Bank, Greenwood Village, CO: Roberts and Company. Photo: Jason Edwards/Getty Images. Fig. 23.20 Shubin Lab/University of Chicago. Fig. 23.21 Data from Sepkoski’s Online Genus Database. http://strata.geology.wisc.edu/jack. A part of J. J. Sepkoski, Jr., 2002, “A Compendium of Fossil Marine Animal Genera,” David Jablonski and Michael Foote (eds.), Bulletin of American Paleontology 363:1–560.
Chapter 24
Opening photo Frans Lanting/www.lanting.com. Fig. 24.1 (L–R) George Holton/Photo Researchers, Inc., Kevin Schafer/kevinschafer.com, Daily Mail/Rex/Alamy, Mitsuaki Iwago/Minden Pictures, Yellow Dog Productions/Getty Images. Fig. 24.2 (L–R) Cyril Ruoso/Minden Pictures, Anup Shah/Minden Pictures, J & C Sohns/age fotostock, Michael Dick/Animals Animals–Earth Scenes, Anup Shah/Animals Animals–Earth Scenes, Yellow Dog Productions/Getty Images. Fig. 24.4 HO/AFP/Newscom. Fig. 24.5 The Natural History Museum, London/The Image Works. Fig. 24.6 Data from R. G. Klein, 2009, The Human Career, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 244; Homo floresiensis skull from R. D. Martin, A. M. MacLarnon, J. L. Phillips, L. Dussubieux, P. R. Williams and W. B. Dobyns, 2006, Comment on “The Brain of LB1, Homo floresiensis,” Science 312:999. Fig. 24.7 Data from T. Deacon, “The Human Brain,” pp. 115–123, in J. Jones, R. Martin, and D. Pilbeam (eds.), 1992, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Fig. 24.9 Javier Trueba/MSF/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 24.12 (L) Gerry Ellis/Minden Pictures, (R) ZSSD/Minden Pictures. Fig. 24.13 Adapted from Fig. 2.4, p. 44, in H. J. Jerison, 1973,Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence, New York: Academic Press. Fig. 24.15 After Fig. 6.18, p. 149, in D. J. Futuyma, 2009, Evolution, 2nd ed., Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. Fig. 24.16 (a) Ryan Heffernan/Aurora/Getty Images, (b) B&C Alexander/ArcticPhoto. Fig. 24.17 B&C Alexander/ArcticPhoto. Fig. 24.18 (a) Colin F. Sargent, (b) Dr. Alex Thornton, University of Cambridge, (c) Suzi Eszterhas/Minden Pictures. Fig. 24.19 Frans Lanting/www.lanting.com.
Part 2
Daniela Dirscherl/Getty Images
Chapter 25
Opening photo: Frans Lanting/www.lanting.com. Fig. 25.1 Data from R. A. Rohde, “Mauna Loa Carbon Dioxide,” from Global Warming Art, PNG image, http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/File:Mauna_Loa_Carbon_Dioxide_png. Based on data from P. Tans and R. Keeling, “Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide,” NOAA/ESRL, ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co2/trends/co2_mm_mlo.txt. Fig. 25.3 (L) Courtesy of Ted Scambos & Rob Bauer, National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, (R) Vin Morgan. Fig. 25.5 Data from J. G. Canadell, C. Le Quéré, M. R. Raupach, C. B. Field, E. T. Buitenhuis, P. Ciais, T. J. Conway, N. P. Gillett, R. A. Houghton, and G. Marland, 2007, “Contributions to Accelerating Atmospheric CO2 Growth from Economic Activity, Carbon Intensity, and Efficiency of Natural Sinks,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104:18866–18870. Fig. 25.6 Data from P. Rekacewicz, “The Carbon Cycle,” from Vital Climate Graphics, UNEP/GRID–Arendal Maps & Graphics Library, JPG file, 2005, http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/the_carbon_cycle. Adapted from D. Schimel et al., “Radiative Forcing of Climate Change,” in J. T. Houghton et al. (eds.), 1996, Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press), p. 77. Photo: Fotosearch Stock Images. Fig. 25.7 Dr. David Wachenfeld/AUSCAPE/Minden Pictures. Fig. 25.8 Steve Gschmeissner/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 25.9 Data from J. Gaillardet and A. Galy, 2008, “Himalaya—Carbon Sink or Source?” Science 320:1728, doi: 10.1126/science.1159279. Fig. 25.10 Data from P. Rekacewicz, “Temperature and CO2 Concentration in the Atmosphere over the Past 400,000 Years,” from Vital Climate Graphics, UNEP/GRID–Arendal Maps & Graphics Library, JPG file, 2005, http://www.grida.no/publications/vg/climate/page/3057.aspx. Based on J. R. Petit et al., 1999, “Climate and Atmospheric History of the Past 420,000 Years from the Vostok Ice Core, Antarctica,” Nature 399:429–436. Fig. 25.11 Plate tectonic maps and continental drift animations by C. R. Scotese, PALEOMAP Project (www.scotese.com). Fig. 25.12 After Fig 3.4 in K. Wallmann and G. Aloisi, 2012, “The Global Carbon Cycle: Geological Processes,” in Fundamentals of Geobiology, A. H. Knoll, D. E. Canfield, and K. O. Konhauser (eds.), Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 20–35. Fig. 25.15 Albert Aanensen/Nature Picture Library.
CS-4
Case 5
Seated woman Mimi Haddon/Getty Images. Pie charts Data from I. Chung and M. J. Blaser, 2012, “The human microbiome: at the interface of health and disease.” Nature Reviews Genetics 13:260–270, doi: 10.1038/nrg3182. Bobtail squid Gary Bell/OceanwideImages.com.
Chapter 26
Opening photo Steve Gschmeissner/SPL/Getty Images. Fig. 26.2 (a) Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc., (b) Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc./Phototake, (c) Courtesy Mike Dyall-Smith, (d) David Scharf/Photo Researchers, Inc., (e) © ANIMA RES. Fig. 26.3 Heide Schulz-Vogt, MPI Bremen. Fig. 26.4 Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc./Phototake. Fig. 26.6 lecates via Flickr. Fig. 26.7 (a) Andrew Knoll, Harvard University, (b) With kind permission from Springer Science+Business Media. Jörg Overmann, 2006, The Prokaryotes, Springer eBook, Fig. 7. Photo courtesy of Jörg Overmann. Fig. 26.9 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 26.12 Wally Eberhart/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 26.16 (a) Dr. Ralf Wagner, (b) Wim van Egmond/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (c) Tom Adams/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (d) Jason Oyadomari. Fig. 26.14 Adapted from W. F. Doolittle, 2000, “Uprooting the Tree of Life,”Scientific American 282:90–95. Fig. 26.17 Adapted from M. Groussin and M. Gouy, 2011, “Adaptation to Environmental Temperature Is a Major Determinant of Molecular Evolutionary Rates in Archaea,” Molecular Biology and Evolution 28(9):2667, doi: 10.1093/molbev/msr098. © The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. Fig. 26.18 Andrew Knoll, Harvard University. Fig. 26.20 (a–c) Andrew Knoll, Harvard University. Fig. 26.21 (T) Andrew Knoll, Harvard University, (B) François Gohier/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 26.22 Image by Zoe Veneti and Kostas Bourtzis. Fig. 26.23 Data from J. Peterson et al., 2009, “The NIH Human Microbiome Project,” Genome Research 19:2317–2323; originally published online October 9, 2009. Fig. 26.24 Data from C. De Filippo, D. Cavalieri, M. Di Paola, M. Ramazzotti, J. B. Poullet, S. M., S. Collini, G. Pieraccini, and P. Lionetti, 2010, “Impact of Diet in Shaping Gut Microbiota Revealed by a Comparative Study in Children from Europe and Rural Africa,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 107(33):14693, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1005963107.
Chapter 27
Opening photo Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 27.2 V. Mercanti, S. J. Charette, N. Bennett, J. J. Ryckewaert, F. Letourneur, and P. Cosson, 2006, “Selective Membrane Exclusion in Phagocytic and Macropinocytic Cups, Journal of Cell Science 119:4079–4067. Fig. 27.4 (a, T–B) Dr. Kari Lounatmaa/Photo Researchers, Inc., Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc., Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 27.5 Courtesy of Hwan Su Yoon. Fig. 27.6 Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: B. Boxma, et al., 2005, “An Anaerobic Mitochondrion That Produces Hydrogen, Nature 434:74–79. Copyright 2005. Fig. 27.8 Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: V. P. Edgcomb, S. A. Breglia, N. Yubuki, D. Beaudoin, D. J. Patterson, B. S. Leander, and J. M. Bernhard, 2011, “Identity of Epibiotic Bacteria on Symbiontid Euglenozoans in O2-Depleted Marine Sediments: Evidence for Symbiont and Host Co-evolution, The ISME Journal 5:231–243. Copyright 2010. Courtesy of Naoji Yubuki. Fig. 27.10 Nicole King, Steve Paddock and Sean Carroll, HHMI, University of Wisconsin. Fig. 27.11 (b) Wim van Egmond/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (c) Carolina Biological Supply Co./Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 27.12 (a) Matt Meadows/Photo Researchers, Inc., (b) Masana Izawa/Minden Pictures. Fig. 27.13 Carolina Biological Supply Co./Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 27.14 (b) Jerome Pickett-Heaps/Photo Researchers, Inc., (c) Wim van Egmond/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (d) David Patterson and Bob Andersen, image used under license to MBL (micro*scope). Fig. 27.15 (a) Dr. Peter Siver/Visuals Unlimited, Inc./Corbis, (b) Wim van Egmond/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (c) Gerd Guenther/Photo Researchers, Inc., (d) Frank Fox/Photo Researchers, Inc., (e) Linda Sims/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 27.16 D. J. Patterson, image used under license to MBL (micro*scope). Fig. 27.17 Mark Conlin/Alamy. Fig. 27.18 (a & b) Steve Gschmeissner/Photo Researchers, Inc., (c) Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers, Inc., (d) Wim van Egmond/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 27.19 (a) Electron Microscopy Unit, Australian Antarctic Division © Commonwealth of Australia, (b) Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers, Inc., (c) Gert Hansen–SCCAP, University of Copenhagen. Fig. 27.23 (a) Andrew Knoll, Harvard University, (b) Nicholas J. Butterfield, University of Cambridge, (c) Susannah Porter, University of California, Santa Barbara. Fig. 27.24 (a) Astrid & Hanns-Frieder Michler/Photo Researchers, Inc., (b) Visuals Unlimited, Inc./Corbis. Fig. 27.25 (a) Copyright The Natural History Museum, London, (b) Provided by the SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, and ORBIMAGE.
Chapter 28
Opening photo irawansubingarphotography/Getty Images. Fig. 28.1 (a) Jason Oyadomari, (b) D. J. Patterson and Aimlee Ladermann, image used under license to MBL (micro*scope), (c) Fabio Rindi. Fig. 28.2 (a) Marevision/age fotostock, (b) Wolfgang Poelzer/WaterFrame/age fotostock. Fig. 28.3 (a) Ingo Arndt/Minden Pictures, (b) Richard Herrmann/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (c) Filmfoto/Dreamstime.com, (d) Jack Milchanowski/age fotostock, (e) David M. Cobb/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 28.5 (a) Andrew J. Martinez/SeaPics.com, (b) D. R. Schrichte/SeaPics.com. Fig. 28.7 Reprinted from M. J. Dayel, R. Alegado, S. Fairclough, T. Levin, S. A. Nichols, K. L. McDonald, and N. King, 2011, “Cell Differentiation and Morphgenesis in the Colony-Forming Choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta,” Developmental Biology 357:73–82. Copyright 2011, with permission from Elsevier. Fig. 28.9 Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 28.10 Biodisc/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 28.13 (a) Guy Narbonne, (b) Mikhahil Fedonkin, (c) Andrew Knoll, Harvard University. Fig. 28.15 (a) Reprinted from F. Hueber, 2001, “Rotted Wood–Alga–Fungus: The History and Life of Prototaxites Dawson 1959,” Review of Paleobotany and Palynology 116:123–158, p. 146, Smithsonian Institution, copyright 2001, with permission from Elsevier, (b) L. E. Graham, M. E. Cook, D. T. Hanson, K. B. Pigg, and J. M. Graham, 2010, “Structural, Physiological, and Stable Carbon Isotopic Evidence That the Enigmatic Paleozoic Fossil Prototaxites Formed from Rolled Liverwort Mats,” American Journal of Botany 97(2):268–275, Botanical Society of America; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, copyright 2010. Reproduced with permission of Botanical Society of America, Inc., via Copyright Clearance Center. Image courtesy of Martha E. Cook. Fig. 28.16 Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: P. M. Brakefield, J. Gates, D. Keyes, F. Kesbeke, P. J. Wijngaarden, A. Monteiro, V. French, and S. B. Carroll, 1996, “Development, Plasticity and Evolution of Butterfly Eyespot Patterns,” Nature 384:236–242. Copyright 1996.
Case 6
Wild wheat James King-Holmes/Photo Researchers, Inc. Domesticated wheat Oliver Brandt/Getty Images. Comparison of wild wheat and domesticated wheat Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.
CS-5
Chapter 29
Opening photo Frank Krahmer/Getty Images. Fig. 29.2 Brent Mishler and Michael Hamilton. Fig. 29.5 Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 29.7 Clément Philippe/age fotostock. Fig. 29.8 Carolina Biological Supply Co./Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 29.10 Carolina Biological Supply Co./Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 29.17 (a) Topic Photo Agency/age fotostock, (b) Photoshot/SuperStock. Fig. 29.20 Inga Spence/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Chapter 30
Opening photo Frans Lanting/www.lanting.com. Fig. 30.2 (L) Dr. Ralf Wagner. email<mikroskopie@dr-ralf-wagner.de>/http://www.dr-ralf-wagner.de, (R) Show_ryu/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chara_braunii_1.JPG. Fig. 30.4 Malcolm Storey, 2010, www.bioimages.org.uk. Fig. 30.5 (a) Keith Burdett/age fotostock, (b) Malcolm Storey, 2010, www.bioimages.org.uk. Fig. 30.6 (L) Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc., (R) Masana Izawa/Nature Production/Minden Pictures. Fig. 30.7 Charles O. Cecil/Alamy. Fig. 30.9 Jim French. Fig. 30.10 (T) Perennou Nuridsany/Photo Researchers, Inc., (B) Kevin O´Hara/age fotostock. Fig. 30.11 (a) Jim Brandenburg/Minden Pictures, (b) J S Sira/Gap Photo/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (c) Rob Whitworth/Gap Photo/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (d) Thomas Marent/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 30.12 Cora Niele/Getty Images. Fig. 30.13 K. Chae and E. M. Lord, 2011, “Pollen Tube Growth and Guidance: Roles of Small, Secreted Proteins,” Annals of Botany 108(4):627–636. By permission of Oxford University Press. Fig. 30.14 (a & b) Michael & Patricia Fogden/Minden Pictures, (c) Charles Melton/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (d) Ch’ien Lee/Minden Pictures. Fig. 30.15 Hans Christoph Kappel/NPL/Minden Pictures. Fig. 30.16 (T) Paul Oomen/Getty Images, (M) Kevin Schafer/Getty Images, (B) Daniela Duncan/Getty Images. Fig. 30.18 Greg Lawler/Alamy. Fig. 30.19 Dwight Kuhn. Fig. 30.20 (a) Don Johnston/age fotostock, (b) David Norton/Alamy, (c) Don Johnston/age fotostock, (d) David Cavagnaro/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 30.21 F. Valverde, A. Mouradov, W. Soppe, D. Ravenscroft, A. Samach, and G. Coupland, 2004, “Photoreceptor Regulation of CONSTANS Protein in Photoperiodic Flowering,” Science 303:1003–1006. Reprinted with permission from AAAS. Fig. 30.24 Scott Smith/Corbis.
Chapter 31
Opening photo Dietrich Rose/Getty Images. Fig. 31.1 (a) Elena Elisseeva/Dreamstime.com, (b) LianeM/Alamy. Fig. 31.2 (a, L–R) Ian Gowland/Photo Researchers, Inc., M. I. Walker/Photo Researchers, Inc., (b) Siobhan Braybrook. Fig. 31.3 M. I. Walker/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 31.4 (L–R) Jonathan Buckley/Gap Photo/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., Jerome Wexler/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., Christian Hütter/imagebroker/age fotostock. Fig. 31.5 Topham/The Image Works. Fig. 31.6 (a) Dr. Keith Wheeler/Photo Researchers, Inc. (b) Marga Werner/age fotostock, (c) J Garden/Alamy, (d) Adisa/Dreamstime.com. Fig. 31.7 Jacqueline S. Wong/ViewFinder Exis, LLC. Fig. 31.10 Steve Gschmeissner/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 31.11 Nigel Cattlin/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 31.13 Wally Eberhart/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 31.14 (a) Alan Majchrowicz/age fotostock, (b) Wally Eberhart/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 31.15 Robert & Jean Pollock/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., Scientifica/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 31.16 (a) Scanning electron micrograph courtesy of the N. Brown Center for Ultrastructure Studies, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, (b) Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 31.17 Carolina Biological Supply Co./Visuals Unlimited, Inc./Corbis. Fig. 31.18 Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 31.19 (a) Jack Dermid/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (b) A Jagel/age fotostock, (c) Jane Grushow/Grant Heilman Photography, (d) Patrick Lynch/Alamy. Fig. 31.22 C. Jourdan, N. Michaux-Ferrière, and G. Perbal, 2000, “Root System Architecture and Gravitropism in the Oil Palm,” Annals of Botany 85(6):861–868, Fig. 3E. By permission of Oxford University Press. Courtesy of Dr. Christophe Jordan. Fig. 31.23 G. R. “Dick” Roberts/NSIL/Visuals Unlimited, Inc.
Chapter 32
Opening photo Don Johnston/Getty Images. Fig. 32.1 Nigel Cattlin/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 32. 2 Clouds Hill Imaging Ltd/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 32.3 (a) Clive Varlack/clivevbugs/AGPix, (b) Paul Kennedy/Gettty Images, (c) Mark Boulton/NHPA. Fig. 32.5 Norm Thomas/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 32.6 (a) Guy Blomme/Bioversity International, (b) Bruce Fleming/Cephas Picture Library. Fig. 32.11 (a) Fletcher & Baylis/Photo Researchers, Inc., (b) Dr. Keith Wheeler/Photo Researchers, Inc., (c) Dr. Stanley Flegler/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 32.12 Alex Wild/alexanderwild.com. Fig. 32.13 Dan L. Perlman/EcoLibrary.org. Fig. 32.15 (a) Danny Kessler, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany (b) Celia Diezel, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany. Fig. 32.17 Data from P. V. A. Fine, I. Mesones, and P. D. Coley, 2004, “Herbivores Promote Habitat Specialization by Trees in Amazonian Forests,” Science 305:663. Photos: Paul Fine. Fig. 32.19 John L. Obermeyer, IPM Specialist, Department of Entomology, Purdue University.
Chapter 33
Opening photo Frans Lanting/www.lanting.com. Fig. 33.2 Adapted from A. H. Knoll and K. J. Niklas, 1987, “Adaptation, Plant Evolution, and the Fossil Record,”Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 50:127–149. Fig. 33.3 (a) Laurie Campbell/NHPA, (b) Densey Clyne/Minden Pictures, Inc., (c) Daniel Vega/age fotostock. Fig. 33.4 (a) Biopix: A Neumann. (b) Piotr Naskrecki/Minden Pictures. Fig. 33.5 (T) Science Photo Library/Alamy, (M) All Canada Photos/Alamy, (B) Daniel Vega/age fotostock. Fig. 33.6 (T) Courtesy of Hans Kerp © Palaeobotanical Research Group, University of Münster, (M & B) Hans Steur. Fig. 33.7 (T) Photo by William Chaloner, Crown Copyright, (B) Photo by John Hall © Botanical Society of America. Fig. 33.8 (a) Philippe Clement/Nature Picture Library, (b) Thomas Marent/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (c) Biopix: JC Schou. Fig. 33.9 (a) John Gurche, (b) Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc., (c) Tom Phillips, University of Illinois. Fig. 33.10 (T & B) Andrew Knoll, Harvard University. Fig. 33.11 (a) Ron Watts/First Light/Corbis, (b) David Sieren/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (c) Jonathan Buckley/age fotostock, (d) Courtesy of Gary Higgins, (e) Doug Sokell/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (f) Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 33.12 Jean-Paul Ferrero/Auscape/Minden Pictures. Fig. 33.13 (a) John Shaw/Auscape/Minden Pictures, (b) Gerry Bishop/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 33.14 Clay Perry/Corbis. Fig. 33.15 (T–B) Pete Ryan/Getty Images, Michael P. Gadomski/Photo Researchers, Inc., Gerald & Buff Corsi/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., Robert Davis/age fotostock. Fig. 33.16 (a) Piotr Naskrecki/Minden Pictures, (b & c) Andrew Knoll, Harvard University. Fig. 33.17 (a) JTB/Photoshot, (b) Kathy Merrifield/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 33.18 Andrew Knoll, Harvard University. Fig. 33.19 (a) M. Philip Kahl/Photo Researchers, Inc., (b) Ahmad Fuad Morad [Flickr page] 072112, (c) Bob Gibbons/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 33.20 (T–B) Sangtae Kim, Frans Lanting/National Geographic Stock, Rob & Ann Simpson/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., Jo Whitworth/age fotostock, Tropicals JR Mau/PhotoResourceHawaii.com, Image Source/Getty Images. Fig. 33.21 Keith Rushforth/FLPA/Minden Pictures. Fig. 33.22 (a) Robert Gustafson/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (b) Kerstin Hinze/naturepl.com/NaturePL, (c) Axle71/Dreamstime.com, (d) Tropicals JR Mau/PhotoResourceHawaii.com. Fig. 33.24 (a) Michael P Gadomski/Getty Images, (b) Sergio Hayashi/Dreamstime.com, (c) Smileyjoanne/Dreamstime.com, (d) Danita Delimont/Getty Images.
Chapter 34
Opening photo Chris Ted/Getty Images. Fig. 34.1 Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc./Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 34.3 Simko/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 34.4 (a) Science Photo Library/Alamy, (b) T. R. Filley, R. A. Blanchette, E. Simpson, and M. L. Fogel, 20001, “Nitrogen Cycling by Wood Decomposing Soft-Rot Fungi in the ‘King Midas tomb,’ Gordion, Turkey,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98(23):13346–13350. Copyright 2001 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. Photos courtesy of Robert A. Blanchette, University of Minnesota. Fig. 34.5 (a) Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc., (b) Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 34.6 Reprinted from J. K. Pirri and M. J. Alkema, 2011, “The Neuroethology of C. elegans Escape,” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 22:187–193, Fig. 3. Copyright 2011, with permission from Elsevier. Reproduced with permission from Mark Alkema. Fig. 34.7 Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 34.8 (L–R) Wallace Garrison/Getty Images, Stephen Sharnoff/National Geographic Stock, Stephen Sharnoff/National Geographic Stock. Fig. 34.9 Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 34.10 (a) Satoshi Kuribayashi/Minden Pictures, (b, T) E. R. Degginger/Photo Researchers, Inc., (b, B) Garry DeLong/Getty Images. Fig. 34.11 Matt Meadow/Getty Images. Fig. 34.12 (L) Reprinted from R. Dulymamode, P. F. Cannon, and A. Peerally, 1998, “Fungi from Mauritius Anthostomella Species on Pandanus,” Mycological Research 102(11): 1319–1324. Copyright 1998, with permission from Elsevier, (M) Reprinted from N. L. Glass, R. L. Metzenberg, and N. B. Raju, 1990, “Homothallic Sordariaceae from Nature: The Absence of Strains Containing Only the a Mating Type Sequence,” Experimenal Mycology 14(3):274–289. Copyright 1990, with permission from Elsevier, (R) I. Schmitt, H. T. Lumbsch, and C. Bratt, 2006, “Two New Brown-Spored Species of Pertusaria from South-Western North America,” The Lichenologist 38(5):411–416, Cambridge University Press. Fig. 34.16 John Taylor/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 34.17 Carolina Biological Supply Co./Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 34.18 (a) Topic Photo Agency/age fotostock, (b) Matt Meadows/Getty Images. Fig. 34.19 Ed Reschke/Getty Images. Fig. 34.20 David Hughes. Fig. 34.21 (a) Inga Spence/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (b) Bruce Perrault, (c) David Clapp/Getty Images. Fig. 34.22 (a) Albert Lleal/Minden Pictures, (b) Wally Eberhart/Getty Images, (c) Matthias Breiter/Minden Pictures. Fig. 34.24 After “The Spread of Wheat Stem Rust UG99 Lineage,” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, JPEG image, 2010, http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/rust/stem/rust-report/stem-ug99racettksk/en. Photo and inset photo: Yue Jin, USDA-ARS, Cereal Disease Laboratory.
CS-6
Case 7
Wolf Samuel R. Maglione/Photo Researchers, Inc. Moose Ron Erwin/age fotostock. Graph Data from J. A. Vucetich and R. O. Peterson, 2012, “The population biology of Isle Royale wolves and moose: an overview,” www.isleroyalewolf.org.
Chapter 35
Opening photo Dr. Michael Delannoy/Getty Images. Fig. 35.1 Winfried Wisniewski/Corbis. Fig. 35.2 (T) Andrew J. Martinez/Photo Researchers, Inc., (M) UMI NO KAZE/a.collectionRF/Getty Images, (B) Robert Pickett/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 35.6 (L) Cajal Legacy, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Madrid, Spain, (R) Bob Jacobs, Ph.D., Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Department of Psychology, Colorado College. Fig. 35.7 Science VU/C. Raine/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 35.14 Mary B. Kennedy, Division of Biology, Caltech. Fig. 35.16 David B. Fankhauser, Ph.D., Professor of Biology and Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Clermont College.
Chapter 36
Opening photo Custom Medical Stock Photo/Getty Images. Fig. 36.1 (a) Gerry Bishop/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (b) Joe McDonald/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (c) Monika Ondru ová/Dreamstime.com. Fig. 36.2 (a) Gary Meszaros/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (b) Sinclair Stammers/Photo Researchers, Inc., (c) Danté Fenolio/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 36.8 SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 36.10 Michael Durham/Minden Pictures. Fig. 36.11 Rendered by Dale Muzzey. Fig. 36.12 (a) Tom Adams/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (b) Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc., (c) Danté Fenolio/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 36.13 Bjorn Rorslett/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 36.17 Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 36.21 The National Library of Medicine. Fig. 36.26 WDCN/University College London/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Chapter 37
Opening photo Gustoimages/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 37.1 Tom Brakefield/Corbis. Fig. 37.2 Dr. Gladden Willis/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 37.5 (a) Don W. Fawcett/Photo Researchers, Inc. (b) Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 37.6 Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: H. Huxley and J. Hanson, “Changes in the Cross-Striations of Muscle During Contraction and Stretch and Their Structural Interpretation,” 1954, Nature 173:973–976. Copyright 1954. Fig. 37.8 Don W. Fawcett/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 37.12 Adapted from E. P. Widmaier, H. Raff, and K. T. Strang, 2011, Vander’s Human Physiology, New York: McGraw-Hill. Fig. 37.14 Dr. Gladden Willis/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 37.15 (a) Jan Van Arkel/Minden Pictures, (b) Nigel Cattlin/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 37.16 (a) Rita van den Broek/age fotostock, (b) Reinhard Dirscherl/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (c) Thomas Marent/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 37.18 Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 37.19 Ralph Hutchings/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 37.22 Based on M. J. Smith and R. J. G. Savage, 1956, “Some Locomotory Adaptations in Mammals,” Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 42:603–622. Photo: Norbert Wu/Minden Pictures, J. L. Klein & M. L. Hubert/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Chapter 38
Opening photo Heidi & Hans-Jurgen Koch/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. Fig. 38.12 Peter Blackwell/Minden Pictures. Fig. 38.14 (L–R) Jef Meul/Minden Pictures, Jorg & Petra Werner/Animals Animals–Earth Scenes, Steven Smith/Alamy. Fig. 38.15 Piotr Naskrecki/Minden Pictures/Corbis. Fig. 38.16 blickwinkel/Alamy.
Chapter 39
Opening photo Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 39.1 Amar & Isabelle Guillen/SeaPics.com. Fig. 39.4 (T) José B. Ruiz/Minden Pictures, (B) Stephen Dalton/Animals Animals. Fig. 39.8 Reprinted from E. Weibel, B. Sapoval, and M. Filoche, 2005, “Structure and Function in the Periphery of the Lung,” Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 148:3–21. Copyright 2005, with permission from Elsevier. Fig. 39.11 Rendered by Dale Muzzey. Fig. 39.13 Based on Fig. 3A in P. L. Tyack, M. Johnson, N. Aguilar de Soto, A. Sturlese, and P. T. Madsen, 2006, “Extreme Diving Behaviour of Beaked Whale Species Known to Strand in Conjunction with Use of Military Sonars, Journal of Experimental Biology 209:4238–4253. Photo: Bill Curtsinger/Getty Images. Fig. 39.17 Data from C. B. Chapman and J. H. Mitchell, 1965, “The Physiology of Exercise,” Scientific American 212:88–96.
Chapter 40
Opening photo Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 40.2 age fotostock/SuperStock. Fig. 40.4 Adapted from A. M. Hemingsen, 1960, “Energy metabolism as related to body size and respiratory surfaces, and its evolution.” Re. Steno Memorial Hospital Nordisk Insulinlaboratorium. 9:1–110. Fig. 40.5 Cary Wolinsky/Getty Images. Fig. 40.8 (a) Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures, (b) © 2012 Brandon Cole www.norbertwu.com. Fig. 40.9 Marevision/Getty Images. Fig. 40.10 C & M Fallows/SeaPics.com. Fig. 40.16 Frank Woerle/Minden Pictures. Fig. 40.18 Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Chapter 41
Opening photo Steve Allen/Getty Images. Fig. 41.5 David Wall/Alamy. Fig. 41.6 (a) Peter Betts/iStockphoto, (b) Roger De La Harpe; Gallo Images/Corbis. Fig. 41.8 (a) Michael Abbey/Photo Researchers, Inc., (b) Michael Abbey/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 41.15 Minden Pictures/SuperStock.
CS-7
Chapter 42
Opening photo Science Faction/Getty Images. Fig. 42.1 (a) CNRI/Photo Researchers, Inc., (b) SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc., (c) WaterFrame/Alamy, (d) Mike Lane/Alamy. Fig. 42.4 Tim Laman Photography. Fig. 42.6 D. B. M. Welch and M. Meselson, 2000, “Evidence for the Evolution of Bdelloid Rotifers Without Sexual Reproduction or Genetic Exchange,” Science 288:1211–1215. Reprinted with permission from AAAS. Fig. 42.7 Michael & Patricia Fogden/Minden Pictures. Fig. 42.10 Thanunkorn Klypaksi/iStockphoto. Fig. 42.12 Roland Birke/Getty Images. Fig. 42.15 Claude Cortier/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 42.20 David M. Phillips/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 42.21 Anatomical Travelogue/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 42.22 (a) Carolina Biological Supply Co./Phototake, (b) © 2002 Steve Baskauf.
Chapter 43
Opening photo Dr. David Phillips/Visuals Unlimited/Getty Images. Fig. 43.1 (a) Christian Beier/age fotostock, (b) Michael P. Gadomski/Photo Researchers, Inc., (c) Charles J. Smith, (d) Inga Spence/Getty Images. Fig. 43.4 SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 43.5 Scientifica/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 43.19 Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 43.20 James Gathany/CDC/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Case 8
Diversity hotspots map Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: N. Myers, R. A. Mittermeier, C. G. Mittermeier, G. A. B. da Fonseca, and J. Kent, 2000, “Biodiversity Hotspots for Conservation Priorities,” Nature 403:854–858. Copyright 2000. Underwater life on the Great Barrier Reef Jeff Hunter/Getty Images.
Chapter 44
Opening photo Brian Farrell. Fig. 44.1 (T–B) Mark Dayel and Nicole King, www.dayel.com/choanoflagellates, James D. Watt/SeaPics.com, UMI NO KAZE/a.collectionRF/Getty Images, Sonke Johnsen/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 44.5 (T–B) Glenn Nagel/iSockphoto, Piotr Naskrecki/Minden Pictures, Franco Banfi/WaterF/age fotostock. Fig. 44.6 imagebroker/Alamy. Fig. 44.8 (a) Image Source/Getty Images, (b) Andrew J. Martinez/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 44.10 (a) Chris Newbert/Minden Pictures, (b) George G. Lower/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 44.11 David Wrobel/SeaPics.com. Fig. 44.12 Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: M. Srivastava et al., 2008, “The Trichoplax Genome and the Nature of Placozoans,” Nature 454:955–960. Copyright 2008. Image courtesy of Ana Signorovitch. Fig. 44.14 (T) E. R. Degginger/Photo Researchers, Inc., (B) Phillip Colla/Oceanlight. Fig. 44.15 (a) E. R. Degginger/Photo Researchers, Inc., (c) Alexander Semenov/Photo Researchers, Inc., (d) Susan Dabritz/SeaPics.com, (e) doc-stock/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 44.16 ARCO/W Rolfes/age fotostock. Fig. 44.17 (a) Phillip Colla/Oceanlight, (c) Norbert Wu/Minden Pictures. Fig. 44.18 Glenn Price/Dreamstime.com. Fig. 44.19 Cindy Singleton/iStockphoto. Fig. 44.20 (T) W. G. M. Damen, M. Hausdorf, E. A. Seyfarth, and D. Tautz, 1998, “A Conserved Mode of Head Segmentation in Arthropods Revealed by the Expression Pattern of Hox Genes in a Spider,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 95(18):10665–10670. Copyright 1988 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., (B, all photos) Piotr Naskrecki. Fig. 44.21 (T–B) B. G. Thomson/Photo Researchers, Inc., Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers, Inc., Michael S. Nolan/SeaPics.com, Dietmar Nill/Minden Pictures. Fig. 44.22 Ralph A. Clevenger/Corbis. Fig. 44.23 (T–B) David Shale/Minden Pictures, Azure Computer & Photo Services/Animals Animals, Biosphoto/Christian Kšnig, Reinhard Dirscherl/WaterFrame/Getty Images, Dwight Kuhn. Fig. 44.24 (a) David Shale/Minden Pictures, (b) D. P. Wilson/FLPA/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. 44.25 (a) Azure Computer & Photo Services/Animals Animals, (b) V & W/Ricardo Fernandez/SeaPics.com. Fig. 44.26 Biosphoto/Christian Kšnig. Fig. 44.27 Reinhard Dirscherl/WaterFrame/Getty Images. Fig. 44.28 Stockbroker xtra/age fotostock. Fig. 44.30 (a) Copyright © Brandon Cole, (b) Gary Meszaros/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 44.31 Michael Patrick O’Neill/Alamy. Fig. 44.32 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service/Joel Sartore–National Geographic Stock with Wade Fredenberg. Fig. 44.33 (a) Gerard Lacz/Animals Animals–Earth Scenes, (b) D. R. Schrichte/SeaPics.com. Fig. 44.35 (a) Gary Meszaros/Photo Researchers, Inc., (b) Kim Taylor/Minden Pictures, (c) David Pattyn/Minden Pictures, (d) NASA/Jim Grossmann. Fig. 44.36 (T–B) Dave Watts/NHPA/Photoshot, Martin Willis/Minden Pictures, Tom Walker/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 44.37 O. Louis Mazzatenta/National Geographic/Getty Images. Fig. 44.38 (a) Western Trilobite Association, (b) Smithsonian Institution–National Museum of Natural History. Image: Jean-Bernard Caron, (c) S. Bengtson, 2000, “Teasing Fossils out of Shales with Cameras and Computers.” Palaeontologia Electronica 3(1), article 4, 14 pp. Copyright Palaeontological Association, 15 April 2000, (d) Reprinted from Palaeoworld, 20, J.-Y. Chen, 2011, “The Origins and Key Innovations of Vertebrates and Arthropods,” Fig. 5d. Copyright 2011, with permission from Elsevier.
Chapter 45
Opening photo Dan L. Perlman/EcoLibrary.org. Fig. 45.1 Harry Rogers/Photo Researchers, Inc., Fabio Pupin/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 45.2 Phil Savoie/npl/Minden Pictures. Fig. 45.6 (a) Adriano Bacchella/naturepl.com, (b) Fred Lord/Alamy. Fig. 45.7 M. B. Sokolowski, 2001, “Drosophila: Genetics Meets Behaviour,” Nature Reviews Genetics 2: 879–890, doi:10.1038/35098592. Fig. 45.9 (a) Todd Ahern/Emory University, (b) Rick & Nora Bowers/Alamy. Fig. 45.11 (T) Nina Leen/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images, (B) Jeffery Phelps/Getty Images. Fig. 45.13 (a) Dan L. Perlman/EcoLibrary.org, (b) Michael & Patricia Fogden/Getty Images, (c) © Matt E. Arnegard, (d) Dan L. Perlman/EcoLibrary.org, (e) Ron Rowan Photography/Shutterstock. Fig. 45.14 After T. J. Carew, 2000, Behavioral Neurobiology, Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, p. 244. Photo: Paul Sutherland/Getty Images. Fig. 45.15 After M. B. Sokolowski, 2001, “Drosophila: Genetics Meets Behaviour,” Nature Reviews Genetics 2:879–890, doi:10.1038/35098592. Fig. 45.16 (T) John Durban/NOAA, (B) Kathryn Jeffs/NPL/Minden Pictures. Fig. 45.18 Alex Wild/alexanderwild.com. Fig. 45.19(a) Nico Tondini/Robert Harding World Imagery/Corbis, (b) Steve Byland/iStockphoto, (c) Thomas Marent/Minden Pictures. Fig. 45.20 Kelly Funk/All Canada Photos/Corbis, Steven Kaufman/Getty Images.
Chapter 46
Opening photo Charles J. Smith. Fig. 46.1 Data from A. Atkinson, V. Siegel, E. A. Pakhomov, M. J. Jessopp, V. Loeb, 2009, “A Re-appraisal of the Total Biomass and Annual Production of Antarctic Krill,” Deep-Sea Research I 56:727–740. Photos: Richard Herrmann/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (inset) Gerald & Buff Corsi/Visuals Unlimited, Inc./Corbis. Fig. 46.3 Richard Herrmann/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 46.6 Data from M. K. Chase, N. Nur, and G. R. Geupel, 2005, “Effects of Weather and Population Density on Reproductive Success and Population Dynamics in a Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) Population: A Long-Term Study,” The Auk 122(2):571–592. Fig. 46.7 Scientifica/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 46.8 Data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Pyramids (France and India), http://esa.un.org/wpp/population-pyramids/population-pyramids.htm. Fig. 46.9 Data from S. A. Berkeley, M. A. Hixon, R. J. Larson, and M. S. Love, 2004, “Fisheries Sustainability via Protection of Age Structure and Spatial Distribution of Fish Populations,” Fisheries 29(8)23–32. Fig. 46.11 Data from M. Pathak, and P. Q. Rivsi, 2002, “Age Specific Life Tables of Papilio demoleus on Different Hosts,” Annals of Plant Protection Sciences 10(2):375–376. Fig. 46.12 (a) Data from R. Pearl, 1978, The Biology of Population Growth, 3rd ed., North Stratford, NH: Ayer Company Publishers; (b) Data from E. S. Deevey, Jr., 1947, “Life Tables for Natural Populations of Animals. Quarterly Review of Biology 22:283–314. (c) Data from J. E. Kaldy and K. H. Dunton. “Ontogenetic Photosynthetic Changes, Dispersal and Survival of Thalassia testudinum (Turtlegrass) Seedlings in a Sub-tropical Lagoon,” Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 240(2):193–212. Fig. 46.13 Charles O’Rear/Corbis. Fig. 46.15 Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures. Fig. 46.18 After R. H. MacArthur and E. O. Wilson, 1967, The Theory of Island Biogeography, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Fig. 46.19 (T–B) Eladio M. Fernandez, Eladio M. Fernandez, Eladio M. Fernandez, © 2013 Jake Scott, Edward Myles/FLPA/Minden Pictures, Eladio M. Fernandez.
CS-8
Chapter 47
Opening photo Charles J. Smith. Fig. 47.1 Eladio M. Fernandez. Fig. 47.3 (a) Michael & Patricia Fogden/Minden Pictures, (b) Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures. Fig. 47.4 Charles J. Smith. Fig. 47.5 Courtesy of Jim Maddox, Galloway Twp., NJ; picture-newsletter.com. Fig. 47.6 Data from P. J. Morin, 1981, “Predatory Salamanders Reverse Outcome of Competition Among Three Species of Anuran Tadpoles,” Science 212:1284–1286. Fig. 47.7 Gerry Bishop/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Fig. 47.8 Biosphoto/Gérard Lacz. Fig. 47.10 Carl Gwinn, blackcormorant.net. Fig. 47.11 © 2012 DigitalGlobe © 2012 Google. Fig. 47.13 Dan L. Perlman/EcoLibrary.org. Fig. 47.17 (Tundra) Helge Schulz/Picture Press/Getty Images, (Alpine) Christian Ziegler/Minden Pictures, (Taiga) Gerry Ellis/Minden Pictures, (Temperate coniferous forest) Charlie Ott/Photo Researchers, Inc., (Deciduous forest) Tim Fitzharris/Minden Pictures, (Temperate grassland) Robert and Jean Pollock/Photo Researchers, Inc., (Desert) Yva Momatiuk & John Eastcott/Minden Pictures, (Chaparral) Richard Herrmann/Visuals Unlimited, Inc., (Savanna) Richard Du Toit/Minden Pictures, (Rain forest) Charles J. Smith. Fig. 47.18 After D. M. Olson et al., 2001, “Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: New Map of Life on Earth,” Bioscience 51:933–938. Fig. 47.21 After D. M. Kaufman, 1995, “Diversity of New World Mammals: Universality of the Latitudinal Gradients of Species and Bauplans,”Journal of Mammalogy 76:322–334. Fig. 47.22 Courtesy of George Poinar.
Chapter 48
Opening photo Michael Utech/Getty Images. Fig. 48.1 Data from “Historical Estimates of World Population,” United States Census Bureau International Data Base, last modified June 2012, http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/worldpop/table_history.php. Fig. 48.2 Data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2009, World Economic and Social Survey 2009: Promoting Development, Saving the Planet, New York: United Nations, p. 44, http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/policy/wess-2009.shtml. Fig. 48.3 Data from Global Footprint Network, 2006; United Nations Development Programme, 2006. Fig. 48.4 Tim McCaig/iStockphoto, Stockbyte/Getty Images. Fig. 48.5 Data from R. A. Rohde, Global Warming Art, http://www.globalwarmingart.com. Based on data from the Hadley Centre Coupled Model version 3 (HadCM3), http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/view/badc.nerc.ac.uk__ATOM__dpt_1162913571289262. Fig. 48.6 Fotosearch Stock Images. Fig. 48.7 Adapted from R. A. Rohde, “Global Warming Predictions,” from Global Warming Art, JPEG image, http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/File:Global_Warming_Predictions_Map_jpg. Based on data from the Hadley Centre Coupled Model version 3 (HadCM3), http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/view/badc.nerc.ac.uk__ATOM__dpt_1162913571289262. Fig. 48.8 Data from A. J. Miller-Rushing and R. B. Primack, 2008, “Global Warming and Flowering Times in Thoreau’s Concord: A Community Perspective,” Ecology 89(2):332–341, doi: 10.1890/07-0068.1. Fig. 48.9 After M. B. Davis, 1976, “Pleistocene Biogeography of Temperate Deciduous Forests,” Geoscience and Man 13:13–26. Fig. 48.11 Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures. Fig. 48.13 Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: U. Riebesell, I. Zondervan, B. Rost, P. D. Tortell, R. E. Zeebe, and F. M. M. Morel, 2000, “Reduced Calcification of Marine Plankton in Response to Increased Atmospheric CO2,” Nature 407:364–367. Copyright 2000. Fig. 48.14 euroluftbild.de/dpa/Corbis, Travel Pix/Robert Harding. Fig. 48.15 Image courtesy of Liam Gumley, Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison and the MODIS Science Team. Fig. 48.17 Data from M. D. Edgerton, 2009, “Increasing Crop Productivity to Meet Global Needs for Feed, Food, and Fuel,” Plant Physiology 149:9, http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/149/1/7. Fig. 48.18, Fig. 48.18 map After Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005, Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis, Washington, DC: Island Press). http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf. Fig. 48.19 AP Photo/Andre Penner. Fig. 48.20 James K. York/York/Dreamstime.com, AP Photo/U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ch’ien Lee/Minden Pictures. Fig. 48.22 Michael Fogden/Animals Animals. Fig. 48.23 (Doctor) AP Photo/Sebastian John, (Science teacher) WA/Dann Tardif/Blend Images/Getty Images, (Scientist in the field) Alexis Rosenfeld/Photo Researchers, Inc., (Scientists testifying before congressional subcommittee) Matthew Cavanaugh/EPA/Newscom, Chas Metivier/ZUMA Press/Newscom.