Chapter 1. Mirror Experiment Activity for Fig. 30.16: Did pollinator shifts play any role in European columbine speciation?

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Graphing Data

Now we can be confident that our numbers are reliable. The next challenge is to present the data. Typically we do this with a graph. Different kinds of data lend themselves to different kinds of graphs. Our mammal species data is discrete—we have clear categories: A, B, C, D, E, and F. For discrete data, either a pie chart or a bar graph would be appropriate. A pie chart divides a circle into “cake slices,” each representing the proportion of the total contributed by a particular category. In our trapping study, we have a total of 61 animals, so the slice representing species A will make an angle at the center of the pie of 17/61 x 360 = 100°. A bar graph represents the frequency of each species as a column whose height is proportional to frequency.

What about continuous data? Imagine that the data we collected is the body lengths of the mammals we trapped. In this case, we might choose a histogram, which looks similar to a bar chart; only here we have to impose our own categories on a continuum of data. Because they were discrete categories—different species—the columns in the bar graph may have gaps between them. In the histogram, by contrast, there are no gaps between the columns because the end of one range (1–20cm) is continuous with the beginning of the next (20–40cm).

Often we are plotting two variables against each other. If, for example, we record the time of day that each mammal is trapped, we can plot the total number of mammals trapped over the course of the 24-hour period.

Often one variable is independent—time, for example, will elapse regardless of the mammal count. We plot this on the x-axis, the horizontal axis of the graph. The dependent variable—the values that vary as a function of the independent variable (in this case, time of day)—is plotted on the y-axis, the vertical axis of the graph. If there is reason to believe that consecutive measurements are related to each other, points can be connected to each other by a line. Plotting our data on a graph using the values of the independent and dependent variables as coordinates gives us a line graph. This is a good way to identify trends and patterns in data. Here we can see that the mammals in our forest plot tend to be inactive (and therefore unlikely to be trapped) during daylight hours.

In science, data are typically presented as a scatterplot, in which points are specified by their (x,y) coordinates. Points are not joined to each other by lines unless there are specified connections among them. Here, plotted in a way similar to the line graph (with the independent variable on the x-axis) is a scatterplot showing the time taken to drive from home to campus for a large number of students. The independent variable is the distance traveled; the dependent variable is travel time because the distances are fixed but travel times vary. Overall, there is a positive correlation between travel time and distance (the further you live from campus, the longer, on average, it will take you to get there), but there is plenty of variation as well. Look at the eight points representing the eight students who live five miles from campus. The variation we see in travel time (from 6 minutes to 30 minutes) is a reflection of differences in driving speed, traffic conditions, and route.

What if there are more than two variables? Three-dimensional plots can be informative (but can also cause the reader headaches). A popular modern solution to this problem is a so-called temperature plot, in which the third dimension is represented in two dimensions through color: red (hot) for a strong effect in the third dimension and blue (cool) for a weak effect.

Graphs are the mainstay of scientific presentation, but you will see many other ways of presenting data in your textbook. For example, studies showing how different genes interact with each other in the course of development are often illustrated using network diagrams that give the reader a direct sense of the “connectedness” of a particular gene (or node). Evolutionary trees reveal the branching pattern of evolution with species that are closely related having a more recent common ancestor than those that are more distantly related.

Methods of presenting data in science are not limited, even in textbooks, by standard approaches. The popular press has developed many graphics-intense ways of presenting data. Think of an electoral map after an election. You can view information on a number of levels: whether the state is red or blue, the name of the election winner, the size of his or her majority, and so on. Scientists are learning that they too can package information in ways that are simultaneously informative and attractive.

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