| Perspective | Key Theorists | Key Themes and Ideas |
|---|
| Psychoanalytic | Sigmund Freud | Influence of unconscious psychological processes; importance of sexual and aggressive instincts; lasting effects of early childhood experiences |
|---|
| Carl Jung | The collective unconscious, archetypes, and psychological wholeness |
| Karen Horney | Importance of parent–child relationship; defending against basic anxiety; womb envy |
| Alfred Adler | Striving for superiority, compensating for feelings of inferiority |
| Humanistic | Carl Rogers | Emphasis on the self-concept, psychological growth, free will, and inherent goodness |
|---|
| Abraham Maslow | Behavior as motivated by hierarchy of needs and striving for self-actualization |
| Social Cognitive | Albert Bandura | Reciprocal interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors; emphasis on conscious thoughts, self-efficacy beliefs, self-regulation, and goal setting |
|---|
| Trait | Raymond Cattell | Emphasis on measuring and describing individual differences; 16 source traits of personality |
|---|
| Hans Eysenck | Three basic dimensions of personality: introversion–extraversion, neuroticism–emotional stability, and psychoticism |
| Robert McCrae, Paul Costa, Jr. | Five-factor model, five basic dimensions of personality: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness |