4.10 CHAPTER REVIEW

Consciousness and Its Variations

KEY POINTS

Introduction: Consciousness: Experiencing the “Private I”

Biological and Environmental “Clocks” That Regulate Consciousness

Sleep

Dreams and Mental Activity During Sleep

Sleep Disorders

Hypnosis

Meditation

Psychoactive Drugs

KEY TERMS

Match each of the terms on the left with its definition on the right. Click on the term first and then click on the matching definition. As you match them correctly they will move to the bottom of the activity.

Question

meditation
melatonin
mescaline
narcolepsy
neodissociation theory of hypnosis
neurocognitive model of dreaming
nicotine
nightmare
NREM sleep
obstructive sleep apnea
opioids
parasomnias
physical dependence
posthypnotic amnesia
posthypnotic suggestion
psychedelic drugs
psychoactive drug
REM rebound
REM sleep
sleep disorders
sleep paralysis
sleep spindles
sleep terrors
sleep thinking
sleep-related eating disorder (SRED)
sleepsex
sleepwalking
stimulant-induced psychosis
stimulants
stimulus control therapy
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
tranquilizers
withdrawal symptoms
activation-synthesis model of dreaming
alpha brain waves
amphetamines
attention
barbiturates
beta brain waves
caffeine
cataplexy
circadian rhythm
cocaine
consciousness
depressants
dissociation
dissociative anesthetics
dream
drug abuse
drug rebound effect
drug tolerance
dyssomnias
EEG (electroencephalogram)
electroencephalograph
hidden observer
hypnagogic hallucinations
hypnosis
inhalants
insomnia
K complex
latent content
LSD
manifest content
marijuana
MDMA or ecstasy
The graphic record of brain activity produced by an electroencephalograph.
Any one of a number of sustained concentration techniques that focus attention and heighten awareness.
An instrument that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to measure and record the brain's electrical activity.
Quiet, typically dreamless sleep in which rapid eye movements are absent; divided into four stages; also called quiet sleep.
Type of sleep during which rapid eye movements (REM) and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed; also called active sleep or paradoxical sleep.
A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness.
Short bursts of brain activity that characterize stage 2 NREM sleep.
A temporary condition in which a person is unable to move upon awakening in the morning or during the night.
Depressant drugs that relieve anxiety.
A psychedelic drug derived from the peyote cactus.
A stimulant drug derived from the coca tree.
Theory proposed by Ernest Hilgard that explains hypnotic effects as being due to the splitting of consciousness into two simultaneous streams of mental activity, only one of which the hypnotic participant is consciously aware of during hypnosis.
In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious wishes, thoughts, and urges that are concealed in the manifest content of a dream.
Unpleasant physical reactions, combined with intense drug cravings, that occur when a person abstains from a drug on which he or she is physically dependent.
Withdrawal symptoms that are the opposite of a physically addictive drug's action.
A condition in which increasing amounts of a physically addictive drug are needed to produce the original, desired effect.
A suggestion made during hypnosis asking a person to carry out a specific instruction following the hypnotic session.
In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the elements of a dream that are consciously experienced and remembered by the dreamer.
The capacity to selectively focus awareness on particular stimuli in your external environment or on your internal thoughts or sensations.
Hilgard's term for the hidden, or dissociated, stream of mental activity that continues during hypnosis.
A phenomenon in which a person who is deprived of REM sleep greatly increases the amount of time spent in REM sleep at the first opportunity to sleep without interruption.
An unfolding sequence of thoughts, perceptions, and emotions that typically occurs during REM sleep and is experienced as a series of real-life events.
A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long; the cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and psychological processes.
A class of stimulant drugs that arouse the central nervous system and suppress appetite.
A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep throughout the day.
Recurrent substance use that involves impaired control, disruption of social, occupational, and interpersonal functioning, and the development of craving, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms.
Vivid sensory phenomena that occur during the onset of sleep.
Model of dreaming that emphasizes the continuity of waking and dreaming cognition, and states that dreaming is like thinking under conditions of reduced sensory input and the absence of voluntary control.
A sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control that is usually triggered by an intense emotion.
The splitting of consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity.
A drug that alters consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior.
A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of walking or performing other actions during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep; also called somnambulism.
A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotist's suggestions with changes in perception, memory, and behavior.
A vivid and frightening or unpleasant anxiety dream that occurs during REM sleep.
A category of psychoactive drugs that increase brain activity, arouse behavior, and increase mental alertness.
A synthetic psychedelic drug.
A stimulant drug found in coffee, tea, cola drinks, chocolate, and many over-the-counter medications.
A category of psychoactive drugs that create sensory and perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect thinking.
A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep.
A category of psychoactive drugs that are chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain-relieving properties; also called opiates or narcotics.
Vague, bland, thoughtlike ruminations about real-life events that typically occur during NREM sleep; also called sleep mentation.
Single but large high-voltage spike of brain activity that characterizes stage 2 NREM sleep.
The inability to recall specific information because of a hypnotic suggestion.
A category of sleep disorders characterized by arousal or activation during sleep or sleep transitions; includes sleepwalking, sleep terrors, sleepsex, sleep-related eating disorder, and REM sleep behavior disorder.
Class of drugs that reduce sensitivity to pain and produce feelings of detachment and dissociation; includes the club drugs phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine.
A stimulant drug found in tobacco products.
Personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the external environment.
A category of sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep; includes insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and narcolepsy.
Brain-wave pattern associated with relaxed wakefulness and drowsiness.
Insomnia treatment involving specific guidelines to create a strict association between the bedroom and rapid sleep onset.
A sleep disorder involving abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during sleep; also called sexsomnia.
A category of depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and produce sleepiness.
Brain-wave pattern associated with alert wakefulness.
A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms.
Serious and consistent sleep disturbances that interfere with daytime functioning and cause subjective distress.
A category of psychoactive drugs that depress or inhibit brain activity.
A condition in which a person has physically adapted to a drug so that he or she must take the drug regularly in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
Chemical substances that are inhaled to produce an alteration in consciousness.
Schizophrenia-like symptoms that can occur as the result of prolonged amphetamine or cocaine use; also called amphetamine-induced psychosis or cocaine-induced psychosis.
A condition in which a person regularly experiences an inability to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep.
Synthetic club drug that combines stimulant and mild psychedelic effects.
A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of increased physiological arousal, intense fear and panic, frightening hallucinations, and no recall of the episode the next morning; typically occurs during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep; also called night terrors.
The theory that brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation), which are combined by the brain into a dream story (synthesis).
A psychoactive drug derived from the hemp plant.
A sleep disorder in which the sleeper will sleepwalk and eat compulsively.

KEY PEOPLE

Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) Austrian physician and founder of psychoanalysis; proposed that dream images are disguised and symbolic expressions of unconscious wishes and urges.

Ernest R. Hilgard (1904–2001) American psychologist who extensively studied hypnosis and advanced the neodissociation theory of hypnosis.

Robert W. McCarley (b. 1937) Contemporary American psychiatrist and neuroscientist who has extensively studied the brain controls involved in sleep and dreaming; along with co-researcher J. Allan Hobson, proposed the activation-synthesis model of dreaming.

J. Allan Hobson (b. 1933) Contemporary American psychiatrist and neuroscientist who has extensively studied the neuropsychological events associated with sleep and dreaming; along with co-researcher Robert W. McCarley, proposed the activation-synthesis model of dreaming.

William James (1842–1910) American psychologist and philosopher who proposed that the subjective experience of consciousness is not episodic, but an ongoing stream of mental activity.

SOLUTION TO FIGURE 4.1

FIGURE 4.1: Can We Read Your Mind? Explanation: Look once more at the six cards on page 136, and then compare them with the five cards pictured on page 138. Notice any differences? If the act of circling an eye distracted you and you fell for the trick—as most people do—you have just experienced change blindness.

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