11.8 CHAPTER REVIEW

Personality

KEY POINTS

Introduction: What Is Personality?

The Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality

The Humanistic Perspective on Personality

The Social Cognitive Perspective on Personality

The Trait Perspective on Personality

Assessing Personality: Psychological Tests

KEY TERMS

Match each of the terms on the left with its definition on the right. Click on the term first and then click on the matching definition. As you match them correctly they will move to the bottom of the activity.

Question

actualizing tendency
archetypes
behavioral genetics
California Psychological Inventory (CPI)
collective unconscious
conditional positive regard
displacement
ego
ego defense mechanisms
Eros
five-factor model of personality
free association
graphology
humanistic psychology
id
identification
libido
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Oedipus complex
personality
personality theory
pleasure principle
possible selves
projective test
psychoanalysis
psychological test
psychosexual stages
reality principle
reciprocal determinism
repression
Rorschach Inkblot Test
self-concept
self-efficacy
self-report inventory
Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
social cognitive theory
source traits
sublimation
superego
surface traits
Thanatos
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
trait
trait theory
unconditional positive regard
unconscious
A projective personality test, developed by Henry Murray and colleagues, that involves creating stories about ambiguous scenes.
A theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions.
An individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
The most fundamental dimensions of personality; the broad, basic traits that are hypothesized to be universal and relatively few in number.
In Freud's theory, a term used to describe thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that are operating below the level of conscious awareness.
The unconscious exclusion of anxiety-provoking thoughts, feelings, and memories from conscious awareness; the most fundamental ego defense mechanism.
A theory that attempts to describe and explain similarities and differences in people's patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
In Freud's theory, the partly conscious, self-evaluative, moralistic component of personality that is formed through the internalization of parental and societal rules.
A pseudoscience that claims to assess personality, social, and occupational attributes based on a person's distinctive handwriting, doodles, and drawing style.
Latin for I; in Freud's theory, the partly conscious rational component of personality that regulates thoughts and behavior, and is most in touch with the demands of the external world.
A relatively stable, enduring predisposition to consistently behave in a certain way.
The ego defense mechanism that involves unconsciously shifting the target of an emotional urge to a substitute target that is less threatening or dangerous.
Latin for the it; in Freud's theory, the completely unconscious, irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives; ruled by the pleasure principle.
A type of personality test that involves a person's interpreting an ambiguous image; used to assess unconscious motives, conflicts, psychological defenses, and personality traits.
A self-report inventory developed by Raymond Cattell that generates a personality profile with ratings on 16 trait dimensions.
The aspect of the self-concept that includes images of the selves that you hope, fear, or expect to become in the future.
The motive to obtain pleasure and avoid tension or discomfort; the most fundamental human motive and the guiding principle of the id.
In Freud's theory, age-related developmental periods in which the child's sexual urges are focused on different areas of the body and are expressed through the activities associated with those areas.
Largely unconscious distortions of thoughts or perceptions that act to reduce anxiety.
The psychological and emotional energy associated with expressions of sexuality; the sex drive.
The theoretical viewpoint on personality that generally emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self-concept, and healthy personality development.
Albert Bandura's theory of personality, which emphasizes the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self-efficacy beliefs, and reciprocal determinism.
A test that assesses a person's abilities, aptitudes, interests, or personality on the basis of a systematically obtained sample of behavior.
The capacity to accommodate external demands by postponing gratification until the appropriate time or circumstances exist.
The set of perceptions and beliefs that you hold about yourself.
In Rogers's theory, the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism.
In psychoanalytic theory, an ego defense mechanism that involves reducing anxiety by imitating the behavior and characteristics of another person.
An interdisciplinary field that studies the effects of genes and heredity on behavior.
In Rogers's theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved only if you behave in a way that is acceptable to others; conditional love or acceptance.
The death instinct, reflected in aggressive, destructive, and self-destructive actions.
A trait theory of personality that identifies extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience as the fundamental building blocks of personality.
A projective test using inkblots, developed by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach in 1921.
A self-report inventory that assesses personality characteristics and psychological disorders; used to assess both normal and disturbed populations.
In Rogers's theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved even if you don't conform to the standards and expectations of others; unconditional love or acceptance.
Sigmund Freud's theory of personality, which emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior, sexual and aggressive instinctual drives, and the enduring effects of early childhood experiences on later personality development.
A psychoanalytic technique in which the patient spontaneously reports all thoughts, feelings, and mental images that arise, revealing unconscious thoughts and emotions.
Personality characteristics or attributes that can easily be inferred from observable behavior.
The beliefs that people have about their ability to meet the demands of a specific situation; feelings of self-confidence.
A self-report inventory that assesses personality characteristics in normal populations.
In Jung's theory, the hypothesized part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from previous generations and that contains universally shared ancestral experiences and ideas.
The self-preservation or life instinct, reflected in the expression of basic biological urges that perpetuate the existence of the individual and the species.
A model proposed by psychologist Albert Bandura that explains human functioning and personality as caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.
An ego defense mechanism that involves redirecting sexual urges toward productive, socially acceptable, nonsexual activities; a form of displacement.
A type of psychological test in which a person's responses to standardized questions are compared to established norms.
In Freud's theory, a child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent, usually accompanied by hostile feelings toward the same-sex parent.
In Jung's theory, the inherited mental images of universal human instincts, themes, and preoccupations that are the main components of the collective unconscious.

KEY PEOPLE

Alfred Adler (1870–1937) Austrian physician who broke with Sigmund Freud and developed his own psychoanalytic theory of personality, which emphasized social factors and the motivation toward self-improvement and self-realization; key ideas include the inferiority complex and the superiority complex. (p. 455)

Albert Bandura (b. 1925) Contemporary American psychologist who is best known for his research on observational learning and his social cognitive theory of personality; key ideas include self-efficacy beliefs and reciprocal determinism. (p. 462)

Raymond Cattell (1905–1998) British-born American psychologist who developed a trait theory that identifies 16 essential source traits or personality factors; also developed the widely used self-report personality test, the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). (p. 466)

Hans Eysenck (1916–1997) German-born British psychologist who developed a trait theory of personality that identifies the three basic dimensions of personality as neuroticism, extraversion, and psychoticism. (p. 466)

Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) Austrian neurologist who founded psychoanalysis, which is both a comprehensive theory of personality and a form of psychotherapy; emphasized the role of unconscious determinants of behavior and early childhood experiences in the development of personality and psychological problems; key ideas include the id, ego, and superego; the psychosexual stages of development; and the ego defense mechanisms. (p. 443)

Karen Horney (1885–1952) German-born American psychoanalyst who emphasized the role of social relationships and culture in personality; sharply disagreed with Freud’s characterization of female psychological development, especially his notion that women suffer from penis envy; key ideas include basic anxiety and womb envy. (p. 454)

Carl G. Jung (1875–1961) Swiss psychiatrist who broke with Sigmund Freud to develop his own psychoanalytic theory of personality, which stressed striving toward psychological harmony; key ideas include the collective unconscious and archetypes. (p. 453)

Abraham Maslow (1908–1970) American psychologist who was one of the founders of humanistic psychology and emphasized the study of healthy personality development; developed a hierarchical theory of motivation based on the idea that people will strive for self-actualization, the highest motive, only after more basic needs have been met; key ideas include the hierarchy of needs and self-actualization. (p. 458)

Carl Rogers (1902–1987) American psychologist who was one of the founders of humanistic psychology; developed a theory of personality and form of psychotherapy that emphasized the inherent worth of people, the innate tendency to strive toward one’s potential, and the importance of the self-concept in personality development; key ideas include the actualizing tendency and unconditional positive regard. (p. 458)