1.8 CHAPTER REVIEW

Introduction and Research Methods

KEY POINTS

Introduction: What Is Psychology?

Contemporary Psychology

The Scientific Method

Descriptive Research

Experimental Research

Ethics in Psychological Research

KEY TERMS

Match each of the terms on the left with its definition on the right. Click on the term first and then click on the matching definition. As you match them correctly they will move to the bottom of the activity.

Question

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

KEY PEOPLE

Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) German physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879. (p. 4)

Edward B. Titchener (1867–1927) American psychologist who founded structuralism, the first school of psychology. (p. 4)

William James (1842–1910) American philosopher and psychologist who founded psychology in the U.S. and established the psychological school called functionalism. (p. 5)

Charles Darwin (1809–1882) English naturalist and scientist whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in On the Origin of Species in 1859. (p. 5)

G. Stanley Hall (1844–1924) American psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the U.S.; founded the American Psychological Association. (p. 6)

Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930) American psychologist who established one of the first U.S. psychology research laboratories; first woman president of the American Psychological Association. (p. 6)

Margaret Floy Washburn (1871–1939) American psychologist who was the first woman to earn a doctorate in psychology in the U.S. (p. 7)

Francis C. Sumner (1895–1954) American psychologist who was the first African American to receive a doctorate in psychology in the U.S. (p. 7)

Kenneth Bancroft Clark (1914–2005) First African American president of American Psychological Association whose research on the effects of racial discrimination was instrumental in ending segregation in U.S. schools. (p. 7)

Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis. (p. 7)

Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936) Russian physiologist who contributed to the development of behaviorism; discovered the basic learning process that is now called classical conditioning, discussed in Chapter 5. (p. 8)

John B. Watson (1878–1958) American psychologist who founded behaviorism. (p. 8)

B. F. Skinner (1904–1990) American psychologist and leading proponent of behaviorism; developed a model of learning called operant conditioning, discussed in Chapter 5. (p. 8)

Carl Rogers (1902–1987) American psychologist who founded the school of humanistic psychology. (p. 9)

Abraham Maslow (1908–1970) American humanistic psychologist who developed a theory of motivation. (p. 9)