6.7 CHAPTER REVIEW

Memory

KEY POINTS

Introduction: What Is Memory?

The Stage Model of Memory

Retrieval: Getting Information from Long-Term Memory

Forgetting: When Retrieval Fails

Imperfect Memories: Errors, Distortions, and False Memories

The Search for the Biological Basis of Memory

KEY TERMS

Match each of the terms on the left with its definition on the right. Click on the term first and then click on the matching definition. As you match them correctly they will move to the bottom of the activity.

Question

misinformation effect
mood congruence
proactive interference
procedural memory
prospective memory
recall
recognition
repression
retrieval
retrieval cue
retrieval cue failure
retroactive interference
retrograde amnesia
schema
script
semantic memory
semantic network model
sensory memory
serial position effect
short-term memory
source confusion
source memory or source monitoring
stage model of memory
storage
suppression
tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) experience
working memory
Alzheimer's disease (AD)
amnesia
anterograde amnesia
chunking
clustering
context effect
cued recall
déjà vu experience
decay theory
dementia
elaborative rehearsal
encoding
encoding failure
encoding specificity principle
episodic memory
explicit memory
false memory
flashbulb memory
forgetting
imagination inflation
implicit memory
interference theory
long-term memory
long-term potentiation
maintenance rehearsal
memory
memory consolidation
memory trace or engram
The inability to recall information that was previously available.
Loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories; forward-acting amnesia.
The mental processes that enable you to retain and retrieve information over time.
A test of long-term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue.
Rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory.
A model describing memory as consisting of three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
An organized cluster of information about a particular topic.
A memory illusion characterized by brief but intense feelings of familiarity in a situation that has never been experienced before.
A memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long-term memory, but being temporarily unable to retrieve it.
The tendency to recover information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the information.
Severe memory loss.
Forgetting in which a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory; backward-acting memory interference.
The hypothetical brain changes associated with a particular stored memory.
Category of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge, concepts, facts, and names.
Motivated forgetting that occurs consciously; a deliberate attempt to not think about and remember specific information.
A memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten.
The principle that when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, retrieval is more likely to be successful.
Organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory.
The stage of memory that represents the long-term storage of information.
Motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously; a memory that is blocked and unavailable to consciousness.
The process of recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it.
Category of long-term memory that includes memories of particular events.
An encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood.
A clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information stored in long-term memory.
Category of long-term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions.
The mental or verbal repetition of information in order to maintain it beyond the usual 20-second duration of short-term memory.
The recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event; details may or may not be accurate.
The tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle.
A test of long-term memory that involves retrieving information without the aid of retrieval cues; also called free recall.
A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons.
The process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time.
The view that forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes that occur in the brain over time.
The inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues.
A memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred.
Forgetting in which an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory; forward-acting memory interference.
A model that describes units of information in long-term memory as being organized in a complex network of associations.
The temporary storage and active, conscious manipulation of information needed for complex cognitive tasks, such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving.
A schema for the typical sequence of an everyday event.
The active stage of memory in which information is stored for up to about 20 seconds.
A memory-distortion phenomenon in which your existing memories can be altered if you are exposed to misleading information.
The theory that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another.
Progressive deterioration and impairment of memory, reasoning, and other cognitive functions as the result of disease, injury, or substance abuse.
Loss of memory, especially for episodic information; backward-acting amnesia.
The gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories to stable, enduring memory codes.
Increasing the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit, or chunk.
The stage of memory that registers information from the environment and holds it for a very brief period of time.
Memory for when, where, and how a particular experience or piece of information was acquired.
A distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occur.
Information or knowledge that can be consciously recollected; also called declarative memory.
The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system.
A test of long-term memory that involves identifying correct information out of several possible choices.
The inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long-term memory.
A progressive disease that destroys the brain's neurons, gradually impairing memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions, resulting in the complete inability to care for oneself; the most common cause of dementia.
Remembering to do something in the future.
Information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected; also called non-declarative memory.

KEY PEOPLE

Suzanne Corkin (b. 1937) American neuropsychologist who has extensively investigated the neural basis of memory, including several investigations of the famous amnesia patient H.M. (p. 261)

Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909) German psychologist who originated the scientific study of forgetting; plotted the first forgetting curve, which describes the basic pattern of forgetting learned information over time. (p. 243)

Eric Kandel (b. 1929) American neurobiologist, born in Austria, who won a Nobel Prize in 2000 for his work on the neural basis of learning and memory in the sea snail Aplysia. (p. 257)

Karl Lashley (1890–1958) American physiological psychologist who attempted to find the specific brain location of particular memories. (p. 256)

Elizabeth F. Loftus (b. 1944) American psychologist who has conducted extensive research on the memory distortions that can occur in eyewitness testimony. (p. 248)

Brenda Milner (b. 1918) Canadian neuropsychologist whose groundbreaking research on the role of brain structures and functions in cognitive processes helped establish neuropsychology as a field; extensively studied the famous amnesia patient H.M. (p. 261)

George Sperling (b. 1934) American psychologist who identified the duration of visual sensory memory in a series of classic experiments in 1960. (p. 229)

Richard F. Thompson (b. 1930) American psychologist and neuroscientist who has conducted extensive research on the neurobiological foundations of learning and memory. (p. 256)