8.8 CHAPTER REVIEW

Motivation and Emotion

KEY POINTS

Introduction: Motivation and Emotion

Hunger and Eating

Psychological Needs as Motivators

Emotion

Theories of Emotion: Explaining Emotion

KEY TERMS

Match each of the terms on the left with its definition on the right. Click on the term first and then click on the matching definition. As you match them correctly they will move to the bottom of the activity.

Question

achievement motivation
amygdala
anthropomorphism
arousal theory
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
basic emotions
body mass index (BMI)
cognitive appraisal theory of emotion
competence motivation
display rules
drive
drive theories
emotion
emotional intelligence
extrinsic motivation
facial feedback hypothesis
glucose
hierarchy of needs
homeostasis
humanistic theories of motivation
incentive theories
instinct theories
insulin
interpersonal engagement
intrinsic motivation
James-Lange theory of emotion
leptin
motivation
neuropeptide Y (NPY)
obese
self-actualization
self-determination theory (SDT)
self-efficacy
sensation seeking
set-point theory
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
two-factor theory of emotion
The most fundamental set of emotion categories, which are biologically innate, evolutionarily determined, and culturally universal.
Social and cultural regulations governing emotional expression, especially facial expressions.
The view that behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals, such as rewards.
The degree to which an individual is motivated to experience high levels of sensory and physical arousal associated with varied and novel activities.
An almond-shaped cluster of neurons in the brain's temporal lobe, involved in memory and emotional responses, especially fear.
The view that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.
The idea that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplies, at relatively constant levels; in general, the tendency to reach or maintain equilibrium.
The beliefs that people have about their ability to meet the demands of a specific situation; feelings of self-confidence.
The view that certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming.
Neurotransmitter found in several brain areas, most notably the hypothalamus, that stimulates eating behavior and reduces metabolism, promoting positive energy balance and weight gain.
The desire to direct your behavior toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at some task.
A projective personality test, developed by Henry Murray and colleagues, that involves creating stories about ambiguous scenes.
The attribution of human traits, motives, emotions, or behaviors to nonhuman animals or inanimate objects.
The view that people are motivated to maintain a level of arousal that is optimal--neither too high nor too low.
Condition characterized by excessive body fat and a body mass index equal to or greater than 30.0.
Defined by Maslow as a person's "full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities."
A complex psychological state that involves a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response.
A need or internal motivational state that activates behavior to reduce the need and restore homeostasis.
Maslow's hierarchical division of motivation into levels that progress from basic physical needs to psychological needs to self-fulfillment needs.
The theory that emotional responses are triggered by a cognitive evaluation.
Simple sugar that provides energy and is primarily produced by the conversion of carbohydrates and fats; commonly called blood sugar.
The theory that emotions arise from the perception of body changes.
Schachter and Singer's theory that emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain the arousal.
Emotion dimension reflecting the degree to which emotions involve a relationship with another person or other people.
Hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood levels of glucose and signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior.
The desire to engage in tasks that are inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging; the desire to do something for its own sake.
Hormone produced by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior.
A numerical scale indicating adult height in relation to weight; calculated as (703 3 weight in pounds)/(height in inches)2.
The capacity to understand and manage your own emotional experiences and to perceive, comprehend, and respond appropriately to the emotional responses of others.
External factors or influences on behavior, such as rewards, consequences, or social expectations.
The desire to direct your behavior toward demonstrating competence and exercising control in a situation.
Theory that proposes that humans and other animals have a natural or optimal body weight, called the set-point weight, that the body defends from becoming higher or lower by regulating feelings of hunger and body metabolism.
When the body is at rest, the rate at which it uses energy for vital functions, such as heartbeat and respiration.
Deci and Ryan's theory that optimal human functioning can occur only if the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied.
The view that emphasizes the importance of psychological and cognitive factors in motivation, especially the notion that people are motivated to realize their personal potential.
The view that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of that emotion.
The biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior.

KEY PEOPLE

Walter Cannon (1871–1945) American physiologist who developed an influential theory of emotion called the Cannon–Bard theory of emotion. (p. 342)

Charles Darwin (1809–1882) English naturalist and scientist (also see Chapter 1) whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859. (p. 331)

Edward L. Deci (b. 1942) American psychologist who, along with Richard M. Ryan, developed self-determination theory, which contends that optimal psychological functioning and growth can occur only if the psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied. (p. 327)

Paul Ekman (b. 1934) American psychologist and emotion researcher who is best known for his work in classifying basic emotions, analyzing facial expressions, and demonstrating that basic emotions and facial expressions are culturally universal. (p. 337)

William James (1842–1910) American psychologist (also see Chapters 1 and 4) who developed an influential theory of emotion called the James–Lange theory. (p. 341)

Abraham Maslow (1908–1970) American psychologist and a founder of humanistic psychology who developed a hierarchical model of human motivation in which basic needs must first be satisfied before people can strive for self-actualization. (p. 325)

Richard M. Ryan (b. 1953) American psychologist who, along with Edward L. Deci, developed self-determination theory, which contends that optimal psychological functioning and growth can occur only if the psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied. (p. 327)