| 399 B.C.E. | Socrates is executed |
| 386 B.C.E. | In King's Peace, Sparta surrenders control of Anatolian Greek city-states to Persia; Plato founds Academy |
| 362 B.C.E. | Battle of Mantinea leaves power vacuum in a disunited Greece |
| 338 B.C.E. | Battle of Chaeronea allows Macedonian Philip II to become the leading power in Greece |
| 335 B.C.E. | Aristotle founds Lyceum |
| 334–323 B.C.E. | Alexander the Great leads Greeks and Macedonians to conquer Persian Empire |
| 307 B.C.E. | Epicurus founds his philosophical group in Athens |
| 306–304 B.C.E. | Successors of Alexander declare themselves kings |
| 300–260 B.C.E. | Theocritus writes poetry at Ptolemaic court |
| c. 300 B.C.E. | Euclid teaches geometry at Alexandria |
| 195 B.C.E. | Seleucid queen Laodice endows dowries for girls |
| 167 B.C.E. | Maccabee revolt after Antiochus IV turns temple in Jerusalem into a Greek sanctuary |
| 30 B.C.E. | Cleopatra VII dies and Rome takes over Ptolemaic Empire |