| 753 B.C.E. | Traditional date of Rome's founding as monarchy |
| 509 B.C.E. | Roman Republic is established |
| 509–287 B.C.E. | Struggle of the orders |
| 451–449 B.C.E. | Creation of Twelve Tables, Rome's first written law code |
| 396 B.C.E. | Defeat of Etruscan city of Veii; first great expansion of Roman territory |
| 387 B.C.E. | Gauls sack Rome |
| 264–241 B.C.E. | Rome and Carthage fight First Punic War |
| 220 B.C.E. | Rome controls Italy south of Po River |
| 218–201 B.C.E. | Rome and Carthage fight Second Punic War |
| 168–149 B.C.E. | Cato writes The Origins, first history of Rome in Latin |
| 149–146 B.C.E. | Rome and Carthage fight Third Punic War |
| 146 B.C.E. | Carthage and Corinth are destroyed |
| 133 B.C.E. | Tiberius Gracchus is elected tribune; assassinated in same year |
| 91–87 B.C.E. | Social War between Rome and its Italian allies |
| 60 B.C.E. | First Triumvirate of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus |
| 49–45 B.C.E. | Civil war, with Caesar the victor |
| 45–44 B.C.E. | Cicero writes his philosophical works on humanitas |
| 44 B.C.E. | Caesar is appointed dictator with no term limit; assassinated in same year |