| 1188 | King Alfonso IX summons townsmen to the cortes |
| 1212–1250 | Reign of Frederick II |
| 1215 | Fourth Lateran Council |
| 1226–1270 | Reign of Louis IX (St. Louis) |
| 1232 | Frederick II finalizes Statute in Favor of the Princes |
| 1240 | Mongols capture Kiev |
| 1265 | English commons are summoned to Parliament |
| 1273 | Thomas Aquinas publishes the Summa Theologiae |
| 1302 | First Meeting of the French Estates General |
| 1309–1378 | Avignon papacy |
| 1313–1321 | Dante writes Divine Comedy |
| 1315–1322 | Great Famine |