Making Connections

1. What were the similarities—and what were the differences—between the powers wielded by the Carolingian kings and those wielded by twelfth-century rulers?

   Question

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   What were the similarities—and what were the differences—between the powers wielded by the Carolingian kings and those wielded by twelfth-century rulers?
2. In what ways was the movement for church reform a consequence of the commercial revolution?

   Question

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   In what ways was the movement for church reform a consequence of the commercial revolution?
3. How may the First Crusade be understood as a consequence of the Gregorian reform?

   Question

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   How may the First Crusade be understood as a consequence of the Gregorian reform?