Struggles for Order
1. 1642–1646
-------- English civil war between Charles I and Parliament Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes Parliament deposes James II; William, prince of Orange, and Mary take the throne Monarchy restored in England Austrian Habsburgs break the Turkish siege of Vienna Execution of Charles I of England; new Russian legal code assigns all to hereditary class Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years’ War; the Fronde revolt challenges royal authority in France; Ukrainian Cossack warriors rebel against the king of Poland-Lithuania; Spain formally recognizes independence of the Dutch Republic
2. 1648
-------- English civil war between Charles I and Parliament Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes Parliament deposes James II; William, prince of Orange, and Mary take the throne Monarchy restored in England Austrian Habsburgs break the Turkish siege of Vienna Execution of Charles I of England; new Russian legal code assigns all to hereditary class Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years’ War; the Fronde revolt challenges royal authority in France; Ukrainian Cossack warriors rebel against the king of Poland-Lithuania; Spain formally recognizes independence of the Dutch Republic
3. 1649
-------- English civil war between Charles I and Parliament Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes Parliament deposes James II; William, prince of Orange, and Mary take the throne Monarchy restored in England Austrian Habsburgs break the Turkish siege of Vienna Execution of Charles I of England; new Russian legal code assigns all to hereditary class Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years’ War; the Fronde revolt challenges royal authority in France; Ukrainian Cossack warriors rebel against the king of Poland-Lithuania; Spain formally recognizes independence of the Dutch Republic
4. 1660
-------- English civil war between Charles I and Parliament Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes Parliament deposes James II; William, prince of Orange, and Mary take the throne Monarchy restored in England Austrian Habsburgs break the Turkish siege of Vienna Execution of Charles I of England; new Russian legal code assigns all to hereditary class Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years’ War; the Fronde revolt challenges royal authority in France; Ukrainian Cossack warriors rebel against the king of Poland-Lithuania; Spain formally recognizes independence of the Dutch Republic
5. 1683
-------- English civil war between Charles I and Parliament Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes Parliament deposes James II; William, prince of Orange, and Mary take the throne Monarchy restored in England Austrian Habsburgs break the Turkish siege of Vienna Execution of Charles I of England; new Russian legal code assigns all to hereditary class Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years’ War; the Fronde revolt challenges royal authority in France; Ukrainian Cossack warriors rebel against the king of Poland-Lithuania; Spain formally recognizes independence of the Dutch Republic
6. 1685
-------- English civil war between Charles I and Parliament Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes Parliament deposes James II; William, prince of Orange, and Mary take the throne Monarchy restored in England Austrian Habsburgs break the Turkish siege of Vienna Execution of Charles I of England; new Russian legal code assigns all to hereditary class Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years’ War; the Fronde revolt challenges royal authority in France; Ukrainian Cossack warriors rebel against the king of Poland-Lithuania; Spain formally recognizes independence of the Dutch Republic
7. 1688
-------- English civil war between Charles I and Parliament Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes Parliament deposes James II; William, prince of Orange, and Mary take the throne Monarchy restored in England Austrian Habsburgs break the Turkish siege of Vienna Execution of Charles I of England; new Russian legal code assigns all to hereditary class Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years’ War; the Fronde revolt challenges royal authority in France; Ukrainian Cossack warriors rebel against the king of Poland-Lithuania; Spain formally recognizes independence of the Dutch Republic