Chapter 1. Sleep

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Looking in on a sleep study, you’ll see that the brain is actually very active during sleep, cycling through non-REM (NREM) stages and ending in REM sleep approximately five times during the night. Transitions between stages are clearly visible as shifts in EEG patterns. Graphs illustrating the human sleep cycle typically present an 8-hour time span, as shown here. But this doesn’t tell the whole story of sleep. The amount of time spent sleeping and the content of our sleep changes across the life span. And while a normal night’s sleep lasts approximately 7 hours for a healthy young adult, 30% of working adults get 6 hours or fewer of sleep per night (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012).

This sleep study participant wears electrodes that will measure her brain waves and body movements during sleep. Looking at brain waves allows us to trace a person’s stage of sleep. Here we can see a clear shift from waking to sleeping patterns. A typical night’s sleep has 4 or 5 multistage sleep cycles, each lasing approximately 90 minutes. Each cycle includes at least 1 NREM and 1 REM stage. Pattern and duration of stages differ over the course of the night. Alpha and beta waves correspond to an awake person. Eye movement phase can happen in REM sleep. Theta waves are common for stages 1 and 2 NREM. Sleep spindle and K-complex are common for Stage 2 NREM. Delta waves characterize slow wave sleep and are common for stages 3 and 4 NREM. As we age, we need fewer ours od sleep. And the proportion of time spent in REM diminishes. REM is 50 percent of total sleep time at birth. REM decreases to 20 percent of total sleep by age 85.

1.1 Quiz

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1.2 Quiz

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1.3 Quiz

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1.4 Quiz

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1.5 Quiz

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1.6 Quiz

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1.7 Quiz

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1.8 Quiz

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