Imagine for a moment that you wake up in your bed, and although you recognize your surroundings, you have no memory of self. How will you find out who you are?

You might first examine your own body. Knowing whether you are male or female would immediately give you a wealth of useful knowledge about your self, such as which clothes you should wear and how you should talk and act. Second, you would likely talk with family members, gathering as much information from them as you could. You would also watch how they respond to you. Last, you would turn on the computer and surf the Internet, watch TV, or even go for a walk, looking for clues about how people communicate with each other in public, how they dress, and how they behave. From these observations, you might begin to form ideas about where you fit in this culture.

Of course, at the end of the day, you still would have huge holes in your self-knowledge. Biologists and psychologists agree that roughly half of what makes us who we are is determined by our biological heritage (Rothbart, Ahadi, & Evans, 2000). But this doesn’t mean that our self-awareness, self-concept, and self-esteem are 50 percent identical to those of our parents and other ancestors. Instead, our selves are shaped by the powerful outside forces of gender, family, and culture.