11.40 Bone formation and resorption. Consider the following four variables: VO+, a measure of bone formation; VO−, a measure of bone resorption; OC, a biomarker of bone formation; and TRAP, a biomarker of bone resorption.

  1. (a) Using numerical and graphical summaries, describe the distribution of each of these variables.

  2. (b) Using numerical and graphical summaries, describe the relationship between each pair of variables.