12.18 Describing the ANOVA model, continued. For each of the following situations, identify the response variable and the populations to be compared, and give I, ni, and N.

  1. (a) A developer of a virtual-reality (VR) teaching tool for the deaf wants to compare the effectiveness of different navigation methods. A total of 40 children were available for the experiment, of which equal numbers were randomly assigned to use a joystick, wand, dancemat, or gesture-based pinch gloves. The time (in seconds) to complete a designed VR path is recorded for each child.

  2. (b) To study the effects of pesticides on birds, an experimenter randomly (and equally) allocated 65 chicks to five diets (a control and four with a different pesticide included). After a month, the calcium content (milligrams) in a 1-centimeter length of bone from each chick was measured.

  3. (c) A university sandwich shop wants to compare the effects of providing free food with a sandwich order on sales. The experiment will be conducted from 11:00 A.M. to 2:00 P.M. for the next 20 weekdays. On each day, customers will be offered one of the following: a free drink, free chips, a free cookie, or nothing. Each option will be offered five times.