12.38 Multitasking with technology in the classroom. Laptops and other digital technologies with wireless access to the Internet are becoming more and more common in the classroom. While numerous studies have shown that these technologies can be used effectively as part of teaching, there is concern that these technologies can also distract learners if used for off-task behaviors.

In one study that looked at the effects of off-task multitasking with digital technologies in the classroom, a total of 145 undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of seven conditions.¹⁰ Each condition involved a task that was conducted simultaneously with a class lecture. The study consisted of three 20-minute lectures, each followed by a 15-item quiz. The following table summarizes the conditions and quiz results (mean proportion correct).

Condition	n	Lecture 1	Lecture 2	Lecture 3
Texting	21	0.57	0.75	0.56
Email	20	0.52	0.69	0.50
Facebook	20	0.50	0.68	0.43
MSN messaging	21	0.48	0.71	0.42
Natural use control	21	0.50	0.78	0.58
Word-processing control	21	0.55	0.75	0.57
Paper-and-pencil control	21	0.60	0.74	0.53

(a) For this analysis, let’s consider the average of the three quizzes as the response. Compute this mean for each condition.
(b) The analysis of these average scores results in and . Test the null hypothesis that the mean scores across all conditions are equal.
(c) Using the marginal means from part (a) and the Bonferroni multiple-comparisons method, determine which pairs of means differ significantly at the 0.05 significance level. (Hint: There are 21 pairwise comparisons, so the critical t-value is 3.095. Also, it is best to order the means from smallest to largest to help with pairwise comparisons)
(d) Summarize your results from parts (b) and (c) in a short report.