12.59 Do we experience emotions differently? Do people from different cultures experience emotions differently? One study designed to examine this question collected data from 410 college students from five different cultures.17 The participants were asked to record, on a 1 (never) to 7 (always) scale, how much of the time they typically felt eight specific emotions. These were averaged to produce the global emotion score for each participant. Here is a summary of this measure:
| Culture | n | Mean (s) |
|---|---|---|
| European American | 46 | 4.39 (1.03) |
| Asian American | 33 | 4.35 (1.18) |
| Japanese | 91 | 4.72 (1.13) |
| Indian | 160 | 4.34 (1.26) |
| Hispanic American | 80 | 5.04 (1.16) |
Note that the convention of giving the standard deviations in parentheses after the means saves a great deal of space in a table such as this.
(a) From the information given, do you think that we need to be concerned that a possible lack of Normality in the data will invalidate the conclusions that we might draw using ANOVA to analyze the data? Give reasons for your answer.
(b) Is it reasonable to use a pooled standard deviation for these data? Why or why not?
(c) The ANOVA F statistic was reported as 5.69. Give the degrees of freedom and either an approximate (from a table) or an exact (from software) P-value. Sketch a picture of the F distribution that illustrates the P-value. What do you conclude?
(d) Without doing any additional formal analysis, describe the pattern in the means that appears to be responsible for your conclusion in part (c). Are there pairs of means that are quite similar?