12.60 The emotions study, continued. Refer to the previous exercise. The experimenters also measured emotions in some different ways. For a period of a week, each participant carried a device that sounded an alarm at random times during a three-hour interval five times a day. When the alarm sounded, participants recorded several mood ratings indicating their emotions for the time immediately preceding the alarm. These responses were combined to form two variables: frequency, the number of emotions recorded, expressed as a percent; and intensity, an average of the intensity scores measured on a scale of 0 to 6. At the end of the one-week experimental period, the subjects were asked to recall the percent of time that they experienced different emotions. This variable was called “recall.’’ Here is a summary of the results:

Culture	n	Frequency mean (s)	Intensity mean (s)	Recall mean (s)
European American	46	82.87 (18.26)	2.79 (0.72)	49.12 (22.33)
Asian American	33	72.68 (25.15)	2.37 (0.60)	39.77 (23.24)
Japanese	91	73.36 (22.78)	2.53 (0.64)	43.98 (22.02)
Indian	160	82.71 (17.97)	2.87 (0.74)	49.86 (21.60)
Hispanic American	80	92.25 (8.85)	3.21 (0.64)	59.99 (24.64)
F statistic		11.89	13.10	7.06

(a) For each response variable, state whether or not it is reasonable to use a pooled standard deviation to analyze these data. Give reasons for your answer.
(b) Give the degrees of freedom for the F statistics and find the associated P-values. Summarize what you can conclude from these ANOVA analyses.
(c) Summarize the means, paying particular attention to similarities and differences across cultures and across variables. Include the means from the previous exercise in your summary.
(d) The European American and Asian American subjects were from the University of Illinois, the Japanese subjects were from two universities in Tokyo, the Indian subjects were from eight universities in or near Kolkata, and the Hispanic American subjects were from California State University at Fresno. Participants were paid $25 or an equivalent monetary incentive for the Japanese and Indians. Ads were posted on or near the campuses to recruit volunteers for the study. Discuss how these facts influence your conclusions and the extent to which you would generalize the results.
(e) The percents of female students in the samples were as follows: European American, 83%; Asian American, 67%; Japanese, 63%; Indian, 64%; and Hispanic American, 79%. Use a chi-square test to compare these proportions (see Section 9.1, page 536) and discuss how this information influences your interpretation of the results that you have found in this exercise.