13.17 Where are your eyes? The objectifying gaze, often referred to as “ogling’’ or “checking out,’’ can have have many adverse consequences. A group of researchers used eye-tracking technology to better understand the nature and causes for this gaze. They asked 29 women and 36 men to look at images of college-aged women. Each woman had the same clothes and neutral expression but varied in body shape (ideal, average, and below average). Prior to looking at the images, each participant was told to focus on either the appearances or personalities of the women. Here is a summary of the amount of time (in milliseconds) the eyes focused on the chest of the women:12

Sex
MaleFemale
FocusSESE
Appearance448.2535.98463.2248.09
Personality338.7854.25276.4846.06
  1. (a) Plot the means. Do you think there is an interaction? Explain your answer.

  2. (b) Do you think the marginal means would be useful for understanding the results of this study? Explain why or why not.

  3. (c) The researchers broke these results down further using body shape as a third factor. Describe why the inclusion of this factor complicates the analysis. In other words, why is this not a standard 2 × 2 × 3 experiment?