2.86 Progress in math scores. Every few years, the National Assessment of Educational Progress asks a national sample of eighth-graders to perform the same math tasks. The goal is to get an honest picture of progress in math. Here are the last few national mean scores, on a scale of 0 to 500:20

Year 1990 1992 1996 2000 2003 2005 2008 2011 2013
Score 263 268 272 273 278 279 281 283 285

  1. (a) Make a time plot of the mean scores, by hand. This is just a scatterplot of score against year. There is a slow linear increasing trend.

  2. (b) Find the regression line of mean score on time step-by-step. First calculate the mean and standard deviation of each variable and their correlation (use a calculator with these functions). Then find the equation of the least-squares line from these. Draw the line on your scatterplot. What percent of the year-to-year variation in scores is explained by the linear trend?

  3. (c) Now use software or the regression function on your calculator to verify your regression line.