Notes and Data Sources

1. 1. See census.gov.

2. 2. From State of Drunk Driving Fatalities in America 2010, available at responsibility.org.

3. 3. James P. Purdy, “Why first-year college students select online research sources as their favorite,’’ First Monday, 17, No. 9 (September 3, 2012). See firstmonday.org.

4. 4. Data collected in the lab of Connie Weaver, Department of Nutrition Sciences, Purdue University, and provided by Linda McCabe. For more information, see Corrie M. Whisner, et al., “Soluble maize fibre affects short-term calcium absorption in adolescent boys and girls: A randomized controlled trial using dual stable isotropic tracers,’’ British Journal of Nutrition, 112 (2014), pp. 446–456.

5. 5. Haipeng Shen, “Nonparametric regression for problems involving lognormal distributions,’’ PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2003. Thanks to Haipeng Shen and Larry Brown for sharing the data.

6. 6. From the Digest of Education Statistics at the website of the National Center for Education Statistics, nces.ed.gov/programs/digest.

7. 7. See Note 4.

8. 8. Based on Barbara Ernst et al., “Seasonal variation in the deficiency of 25–hydroxyvitamin D₃ in mildly to extremely obese subjects,’’ Obesity Surgery, 19 (2009), pp. 180–183.

9. 9. See, for example, facebook.com/Million.Dollar.Application.

10. 10. From socialbakers.com. The website says that the data are updated daily. These data were downloaded on June 15, 2014.

11. 11. More information about the Titanic can be found at the website for the Titanic Project in Belfast, Ireland, at titanicbelfast.com.

12. 12. Data describing the passengers on the Titanic can be found at https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/titanic/titanic.pdf.

13. 13. See health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/.

14. 14. Data collected in the lab of Connie Weaver, Department of Nutrition Sciences, Purdue University and provided by Linda McCabe.

15. 15. Data from Table 1.1 in the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s July 2015 Monthly Energy Review, available at eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/mer.pdf.

16. 16. From the Color Assignment website of Joe Hallock, joehallock.com/edu/COM498/index.html.

17. 17. From the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. See www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/2012_msw_fs.pdf.

18. 18. See dupont.com/.

19. 19. Data provided by Darlene Gordon, Purdue University.

20. 20. Data for 1980 to 2013 are available from the World Bank at data.worldbank.org/indicator/IC.REG.DURS. Data for 2013 were used for this example.

21. 21. See, for example, nacubo.org/Research.

22. 22. The data were provided by James Kaufman. The study is described in James C. Kaufman, “The cost of the muse: Poets die young,’’ Death Studies, 27 (2003), pp. 813–821. The quote from Yeats appears in this article.

23. 23. See, for example, the bibliographic entry for Gosset in the School of Mathematics and Statistics of the University of St. Andrews, Scotland, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive at www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Gosset.html.

24. 24. These and other data that were collected and used by Gosset can be found in the Guinness Archives in Dublin. See www.guinness-storehouse.com/en/archives.

25. 25. These data were provided by Krista Nichols, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University.

26. 26. From beer100.com/beercalories.htm on July 14, 2015.

27. 27. Net worth from the Federal Reserve Bulletin, 100, No. 4 (2014), p. 12.

28. 28. For more information about earthquakes, see the U.S. Geological Service website at usgs.gov.

29. 29. See Noel Cressie, Statistics for Spatial Data, Wiley, 1993.

30. 30. The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) is conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). The NAEP is a large assessment of student knowledge in a variety of subjects. See nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata.

31. 31. See the NCAA Eligibility Center Quick Reference Sheet, available at fs.ncaa.org/Docs/eligibility_center/Quick_Reference_Sheet.pdf.

32. 32. Distributions for SAT scores can be found at the College Board website, research.collegeboard.org/content/sat-data-tables.

33. 33. See Note 32.

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34. 34. See stubhub.com.

35. 35. From Matthias R. Mehl et al., “Are women really more talkative than men?’’ Science, 317, No. 5834 (2007), p. 82. The raw data were provided by Matthias Mehl.

36. 36. From the American Heart Association website, www.heart.org.

37. 37. See eia.gov/totalenergy/.

38. 38. From nrcan.gc.ca/energy/efficiency/11938.

39. 39. Data from the careerbuilder.com website on July 3, 2014. See careerbuilder.com/jobs/keyword/business-administration.

40. 40. See online.wsj.com/articles/the-world-rankings-of-flopping-1403660175.

41. 41. Data for 2015 from statista.com/statistics/398152/us-twitter-user-age-groups/.

42. 42. The Institute of Medicine website, www.iom.edu, provides links to reports related to dietary reference intakes as well as other health and nutrition topics.

43. 43. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium and Carotenoids, National Academy of Sciences, 2000.

44. 44. See Note 43.

45. 45. See phish.net/song/divided-sky/history.

46. 46. Data from Tadd Colver, Department of Statistics, Purdue University.

47. 47. Data provided by Mary Ann Lila, Director, Plants for Human Health Institute, David H. Murdock Distinguished Professor, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University.

1. 1. Shana M. Wilson et al., “Prediction of emotional eating during adolescents’ transition to college: Does body mass index moderate the association between stress and emotional eating?’’ Journal of American College Health, 63, No. 3 (2015), pp. 163–170.

2. 2. See Note 1.

3. 3. See cfs.purdue.edu/fn/campcalcium/ for information about findings from these camps.

4. 4. See consumerreports.org.

5. 5. From consumerreports.org/cro/laundry-detergents.htm.

6. 6. Data for 2014 from usgovernmentspending.com/compare_state_education_spend.

7. 7. These studies were conducted by Connie Weaver, Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, over the past 20 years. The data for this example were provided by Linda McCabe. More details concerning this particular study and references to other related studies are given in Lu Wu et al. “Calcium requirements and metabolism in Chinese-American boys and girls,’’ Journal of Bone Mineral Research, 25, No. 8 (2010), pp. 1842–1849.

8. 8. A sophisticated treatment of improvements and additions to scatterplots is W. S. Cleveland and R. McGill, “The many faces of a scatterplot,’’ Journal of the American Statistical Association, 79 (1984), pp. 807–822.

9. 9. Data provided by Mary Ann Lila, Director, Plants for Human Health Institute, David H. Murdock Distinguished Professor, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University.

10. 10. From nrcan.gc.ca/energy/efficiency/11938.

11. 11. Stewart Warden et al., “Throwing induces substantial torsional adaption within the midshaft humerus of male baseball players,’’ Bone, 45 (2009), pp. 931–941. The data were provided by Stewart Warden, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Indiana University.

12. 12. See beer100.com/beercalories.htm.

13. 13. See spectrumtechniques.com/isotope_generator.htm.

14. 14. These data were collected under the supervision of Zach Grigsby, Science Express Coordinator, College of Science, Purdue University.

15. 15. See worldbank.org.

16. 16. A careful study of this phenomenon is W. S. Cleveland, P. Diaconis, and R. McGill, “Variables on scatterplots look more highly correlated when the scales are increased,’’ Science, 216 (1982), pp. 1138–1141.

17. 17. Data from a plot in James A. Levine, Norman L. Eberhardt, and Michael D. Jensen, “Role of nonexercise activity thermogenesis in resistance to fat gain in humans,’’ Science, 283 (1999), pp. 212–214.

18. 18. From the Digest of Education Statistics at the website of the National Center for Education Statistics, nces.ed.gov/programs/digest.

19. 19. Frank J. Anscombe, “Graphs in statistical analysis,’’ American Statistician, 27 (1973), pp. 17–21.

20. 20. From the website of the National Center for Education Statistics, nces.ed.gov.

21. 21. Debora L. Arsenau, “Comparison of diet management instruction for patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: Learning activity package vs. group instruction,’’ Master’s thesis, Purdue University, 1993.

22. 22. See Note 19.

23. 23. See iom.edu.

24. 24. Based on a study described in Corby C. Martin et al., “Children in school cafeterias select foods containing more saturated fat and energy than the Institute of Medicine recommendations,’’ Journal of Nutrition, 140 (2010), pp. 1653–1660.

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25. 25. You can find a clear and comprehensive discussion of numerical measures of association for categorical data in Chapter 2 of Alan Agresti, Categorical Data Analysis, 2nd ed., Wiley, 2002.

26. 26. Edward Bumgardner, “Loss of teeth as a disqualification for military service,’’ Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 18 (1903), pp. 217–219.

27. 27. Based on The Ethics of American Youth—2012, available from the Josephson Institute at charactercounts.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/ReportCard-2012-DataTables.pdf.

28. 28. From M.-Y. Chen et al., “Adequate sleep among adolescents is positively associated with health status and health-related behaviors,’’ BMC Public Health, 6, No. 59 (2006); available from bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-6-59.

29. 29. M. S. Linet et al., “Residential exposure to magnetic fields and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children,’’ New England Journal of Medicine, 337 (1997), pp. 1–7.

30. 30. The Health Consequences of Smoking: 1983, U.S. Public Health Service, 1983.

31. 31. OECD StatExtracts, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, downloaded on June 29, 2008, from stats.oecd.org/wbos.

32. 32. See www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/index-eng.cfm.

33. 33. From en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10000_metres.

34. 34. For an overview of remote deposit capture, see remotedepositcapture.com/overview/rdc.overview.aspx.

35. 35. From the “Community Bank Competitiveness Survey,’’ 2008, ABA Banking Journal. The survey is available at nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sb/ababj-compsurv08/index.php.

36. 36. The counts reported were calculated using counts of the numbers of banks in the different regions and the percents given in the ABA report.

37. 37. Education Indicators: An International Perspective, Institute of Education Studies, National Center for Education Statistics; see nces.ed.gov/surveys/international.

38. 38. Information about this procedure was provided by Samuel Flanigan of U.S. News & World Report. See colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges for a description of the variables used to construct the ranks and for the most recent ranks.

39. 39. We thank Zhiyong Cai of Texas A&M University for providing the data. The data are from work performed in connection with his PhD dissertation in the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University.

40. 40. Although these data are fictitious, similar though less simple situations occur. See P. J. Bickel and J. W. O’Connell, “Is there a sex bias in graduate admissions?’’ Science, 187 (1975), pp. 398–404.

41. 41. Condensed from D. R. Appleton, J. M. French, and M. P. J. Vanderpump, “Ignoring a covariate: An example of Simpson’s paradox,’’ The American Statistician, 50 (1996), pp. 340–341.

42. 42. Lien-Ti Bei, “Consumers’ purchase behavior toward recycled products: An acquisition-transaction utility theory perspective,’’ MS thesis, Purdue University, 1993.

1. 1. See the news release of June 24, 2015, concerning the 2014 results for the American Time Use Survey, Table 11, at bls.gov/news.release/pdf/atus.pdf.

2. 2. See norc.uchicago.edu.

3. 3. Stewart Warden et al., “Throwing induces substantial torsional adaption within the midshaft humerus of male baseball players,’’ Bone, 45 (2009), pp. 931–941. The data were provided by Stewart Warden, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Indiana University.

4. 4. Corby C. Martin et al., “Children in school cafeterias select foods containing more saturated fat and energy than the Institute of Medicine recommendations, ’’ Journal of Nutrition, 140 (2010), pp. 1653–1660.

5. 5. Based on “Look, no hands: Automatic soap dispensers,’’ Consumer Reports, February 2013, p. 11.

6. 6. From “Did you know,’’ Consumer Reports, February 2013, p. 10.

7. 7. Bruce Barrett et al., “Echinacea for treating the common cold,’’ Annals of Internal Medicine, 153 (2010), pp. 769–777.

8. 8. For a full description of the STAR program and its follow-up studies, go to en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class-size_reduction.

9. 9. See Note 6.

10. 10. Based on Gerardo Ramirez and Sian L. Beilock, “Writing about testing worries boosts exam performance in the classroom,’’ Science, 331 (2011), p. 2011. Although we describe the experiment as not including a control group, the researchers who conducted this study did, in fact, use one.

11. 11. A general discussion of failures of blinding is Dean Ferguson et al., “Turning a blind eye: The success of blinding reported in a random sample of randomised, placebo controlled trials,’’ British Medical Journal, 328 (2004), p. 432.

12. 12. Based on a study conducted by Sandra Simonis under the direction of Professor Jon Harbor from the Purdue University Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences.

13. 13. Based on a study conducted by Tammy Younts directed by Professor Deb Bennett of the Purdue University Department of Educational Studies. For more information about Reading Recovery, see readingrecovery.org/.

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14. 14. Based on a study conducted by Rajendra Chaini under the direction of Professor Bill Hoover of the Purdue University Department of Forestry and Natural Resources.

15. 15. From the Hot Rock Songs list at billboard.com for the week of September 5, 2015.

16. 16. From the Hot 100 list at billboard.com for the week of September 5, 2015.

17. 17. From the online version of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Handbook of Methods, modified April 17, 2003, at bls.gov. The details of the design are more complicated than we describe.

18. 18. For more detail on the material of this section and complete references, see P. E. Converse and M. W. Traugott, “Assessing the accuracy of polls and surveys,’’ Science, 234 (1986), pp. 1094–1098.

19. 19. From www.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/technical-documentation/methodology/non-response-rates.html on January 29, 2013.

20. 20. From www3.norc.org/GSS+Website/FAQs/ on January 29, 2013.

21. 21. See pewresearch.org/about.

22. 22. See “Assessing the representativeness of public opinion surveys,’’ May 15, 2012, from people-press.org/2012/05/15.

23. 23. Sex: Tom W. Smith, “The JAMA controversy and the meaning of sex,’’ Public Opinion Quarterly, 63 (1999), pp. 385–400. Welfare: From a New York Times/CBS News Poll reported in the New York Times, July 5, 1992. Scotland: “All set for independence?’’ Economist, September 12, 1998. Many other examples appear in T. W. Smith, “That which we call welfare by any other name would smell sweeter,’’ Public Opinion Quarterly, 51 (1987), pp. 75–83.

24. 24. John C. Bailar III, “The real threats to the integrity of science,’’ Chronicle of Higher Education, April 21, 1995, pp. B1–B2.

25. 25. The difficulties of interpreting guidelines for informed consent and for the work of institutional review boards in medical research are a main theme of Beverly Woodward, “Challenges to human subject protections in U.S. medical research,’’ Journal of the American Medical Association, 282 (1999), pp. 1947–1952. The references in this paper point to other discussions.

26. 26. Quotation from the Report of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Legacy Committee, May 20, 1996. A detailed history is James H. Jones, Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, Free Press, 1993.

27. 27. Dr. Hennekens’s words are from an interview in the Annenberg/Corporation for Public Broadcasting video series Against All Odds: Inside Statistics.

28. 28. See ftc.gov/opa/2009/04/kellogg.shtm.

29. 29. On February 12, 2012, the CBS show 60 Minutes reported the latest news on this study, which was published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology in 2007. See cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7398476n.

30. 30. R. D. Middlemist, E. S. Knowles, and C. F. Matter, “Personal space invasions in the lavatory: Suggestive evidence for arousal,’’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33 (1976), pp. 541–546.

31. 31. From Randi Zlotnik Shaul et al., “Legal liabilities in research: Early lessons from North America,’’ BMJ Medical Ethics, 6, No. 4 (2005), pp. 1–4.

32. 32. The report was issued in February 2009 and is available from www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/reports/federal-trade-commission-staff-report-self-regulatory-principles-online-behavioral-advertising/p085400behavadreport.pdf.

1. 1. An informative and entertaining account of the origins of probability theory is Florence N. David, Games, Gods and Gambling, Charles Griffin, London, 1962.

2. 2. See dupont.com/.

3. 3. You can find a mathematical explanation of Benford’s law in Ted Hill, “The first-digit phenomenon,’’ American Scientist, 86 (1996), pp. 358–363; and Ted Hill, “The difficulty of faking data,’’ Chance, 12, No. 3 (1999), pp. 27–31. Applications in fraud detection are discussed in the second paper by Hill and in Mark A. Nigrini, “I’ve got your number,’’ Journal of Accountancy, May 1999, available online at www.journalofaccountancy.com/issues/1999/may/nigrini.html.

4. 4. Royal Statistical Society news release, “Royal Statistical Society concerned by issues raised in Sally Clark case,’’ October 23, 2001, at www.rss.org.uk. For background, see an editorial and article in The Economist, January 22, 2004. The editorial is entitled “The probability of injustice.’’

5. 5. See cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm57e618a1.htm.

6. 6. See the Note 5.

7. 7. See bloodbook.com/world-abo.html for the distribution of blood types for various groups of people.

8. 8. From Statistics Canada, www.statcan.ca.

9. 9. We use both for the random variable, which takes different values in repeated sampling, and for the numerical value of the random variable in a particular sample. Similarly, and stand both for random variables and for specific values. This notation is mathematically imprecise but statistically convenient.

10. 10. We will consider only the case in which takes a finite number of possible values. The same ideas, implemented with more advanced mathematics, apply to random variables with an infinite but still countable collection of values.

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11. 11. Based on a Pew Internet report, “Teens and distracted driving,’’ available from pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/Teens-and-Distracted-Driving.aspx.

12. 12. See pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/17-Twitter-and-Status-Updating-Fall-2009.aspx.

13. 13. The mean of a continuous random variable with density function can be found by integration:

    This integral is a kind of weighted average, analogous to the discrete-case mean

    The variance of a continuous random variable is the average squared deviation of the values of from their mean, found by the integral

14. 14. See A. Tversky and D. Kahneman, “Belief in the law of small numbers,’’ Psychological Bulletin, 76 (1971), pp. 105–110, and other writings of these authors for a full account of our misperception of randomness.

15. 15. Probabilities involving runs can be quite difficult to compute. That the probability of a run of three or more heads in 10 independent tosses of a fair coin is (1/2) + (1/128) = 0.508 can be found by clever counting. A general treatment using advanced methods appears in Section XIII.7 of William Feller, An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications, Vol. 1, 3rd ed., Wiley, 1968.

16. 16. R. Vallone and A. Tversky, “The hot hand in basketball: On the misperception of random sequences,’’ Cognitive Psychology, 17 (1985), pp. 295–314. A later series of articles that debate the independence question is A. Tversky and T. Gilovich, “The cold facts about the ‘hot hand’ in basketball,’’ Chance, 2, No. 1 (1989), pp. 16–21; P. D. Larkey, R. A. Smith, and J. B. Kadane, “It’s OK to believe in the ‘hot hand,’ ’’ Chance, 2, No. 4 (1989), pp. 22–30; and A. Tversky and T. Gilovich, “The ‘hot hand’: Statistical reality or cognitive illusion?’’ Chance, 2, No. 4 (1989), pp. 31–34.

17. 17. Based on a study discussed in S. Atkinson, G. McCabe, C. Weaver, S. Abrams, and K. O’Brien, “Are current calcium recommendations for adolescents higher than needed to achieve optimal peak bone mass? The controversy,’’ Journal of Nutrition, 138, No. 6 (2008), pp. 1182–1186.

18. 18. Based on a study described in Corby C. Martin et al., “Children in school cafeterias select foods containing more saturated fat and energy than the Institute of Medicine recommendations,’’ Journal of Nutrition, 140 (2010), pp. 1653–1660.

19. 19. Based on The Ethics of American Youth–-2012, available from the Josephson Institute, charactercounts.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/ReportCard-2012-DataTables.pdf.

20. 20. See nces.ed.gov/programs/digest. Data are from the 2012 Digest of Education Statistics.

1. 1. See the 2015 press release from the Student Monitor, at www.studentmonitor.com.

2. 2. 2015 study conducted by Dr. Beth Livingston and graduate assistants Maria Grillo and Rebecca Paluch, Cornell University ILR School in partnership with Hollaback!

3. 3. K. M. Orzech et al., “The state of sleep among college students at a large public university,’’ Journal of American College Health, 59 (2011), pp. 612–619.

4. 4. Findings can be found at www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2014/smartphones-so-many-apps-so-much-time.html.

5. 5. Haipeng Shen, “Nonparametric regression for problems involving lognormal distributions,’’ PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2003. Thanks to Haipeng Shen and Larry Brown for sharing the data.

6. 6. Findings from a 2015 DMR article titled “By the numbers: 60 amazing Snapchat statistics.’’

7. 7. Statistical methods for dealing with time-to-failure data, including the Weibull model, are presented in Wayne Nelson, Applied Life Data Analysis, Wiley, 1982.

8. 8. Statistics are from Pew Research Center’s article titled “6 new facts about Facebook,’’ posted February 3, 2014, on www.pewresearch.org/.

9. 9. From the grade distribution database of the Indiana University Office of the Registrar, gradedistribution.registrar.indiana.edu.

10. 10. Diane M. Dellavalle and Jere D. Haas, “Iron status is associated with endurance performance and training in female rowers,’’ Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 44, No. 8 (2012), pp. 1552–1559.

11. 11. Results of this and other questions from this survey can be found at www.mumsnet.com/surveys/pressure-on-children-and-parents.

12. 12. Results are from S. Rinehart et al., “Sexual harassment and sexual violence experiences among middle school youth,’’ presented at the 2014 American Educational Research Association annual meeting.

13. 13. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, “The Condition of Education 2015” (NCES 2015-144), High School Coursetaking, 2015.

14. 14. S. A. Rahimtoola, “Outcomes 15 years after valve replacement with a mechanical vs. a prosthetic valve: Final report of the Veterans Administration randomized trial,’’ American College of Cardiology, content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1126703.

15. 15. Based on the article “E-retailers beat stores in customer satisfaction study,’’ posted on February 19, 2015, by Internet Retailer.

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16. 16. The results of this 2012 survey can be found at www.theaa.com/newsroom/news-2012/streetwatch-october-2012-fewer-potholes.html.

17. 17. The results of this 2012 survey can be found at josephsoninstitute.org.

18. 18. Results from the Global News article “New regulations about illegal downloading go into effect,’’ posted January 2, 2015, and found at globalnews.ca/news/1752246/new-regulations-about-illegal-downloading-go-into-effect/.

19. 19. “The Wireless Report 2014’’ can be found at www.ditchthelabel.org/the-wireless-report-2014/.

20. 20. A summary over time can be found at www.gallup.com/poll/1588/children-violence.aspx.

21. 21. A summary of Larry Wright’s study can be found at www.nytimes.com/2009/03/04/sports/basketball/04freethrow.html.

22. 22. Barbara Means et al., “Evaluation of evidence-based practices in online learning: A meta-analysis and review of online learning studies,’’ U.S. Department of Education, Office of Planning, Evaluation, and Policy Development, 2010.

23. 23. Dafna Kanny et al., “Vital signs: Binge drinking among women and high school girls—United States, 2011,’’ Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, January 8, 2013.

24. 24. Information was obtained from “Price comparisons of wireline, wireless and internet services in Canada and with foreign jurisdictions,’’ Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission, April 6, 2012.

25. 25. This information can be found at www.census.gov/topics/population/genealogy/data/2000_surnames.html.

1. 1. Noel Cressie, Statistics for Spatial Data, Wiley, 1993. The significance test result that we report is one of several that could be used to address this question. See pp. 607–609 of the Cressie book for more details.

2. 2. The 2014–2015 statistics for California were obtained from the California Department of Education website, dq.cde.ca.gov.

3. 3. Based on information reported in “How America pays for college 2015,’’ found online at news.salliemae.com/files/doc_library/file/HowAmericaPaysforCollege2015FNL.pdf.

4. 4. See Note 3. This total amount includes grants, scholarships, loans, and assistance from friends and family.

5. 5. Average starting salary taken from the January 2015 salary survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers.

6. 6. See www.thekaraokechannel.com/.

7. 7. These annual surveys can be found at www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/index.aspx.

8. 8. C. M. Weaver et al., “Quantification of biochemical markers of bone turnover by kinetic measures of bone formation and resorption in young healthy females,’’ Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 12 (1997), pp. 1714–1720.

9. 9. Average starting salary taken from the spring 2015 salary survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers.

10. 10. Euna Hand and Lisa M. Powell, “Consumption patterns of sugar-sweetened beverages in the United States,’’ Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 113, No. 1 (2013), pp. 43–53.

11. 11. See the 2015 press release from the Student Monitor, at www.studentmonitor.com.

12. 12. Alyssa Brown, “Americans’ life outlook best in seven years,’’ Gallup News Service, January 16, 2015. Found at www.gallup.com/.

13. 13. The vehicle is a 2002 Toyota Prius.

14. 14. Regional cost-of-living rates are often computed using the Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, metropolitan-area consumer price indexes. These can be found at www.bls.gov/cpi.

15. 15. See Note 10.

16. 16. M. Garaulet et al., “Timing of food intake predicts weight loss effectiveness,’’ International Journal of Obesity, 1 (2013), pp. 1–8.

17. 17. Giacomo DeGiorgi et al., “Be as careful of the company you keep as of the books you read: Peer effects in education and on the labor market,’’ National Bureau of Economic Research, working paper 14948 (2009).

18. 18. Seung-Ok Kim, “Burials, pigs, and political prestige in neolithic China,’’ Current Anthropology, 35 (1994), pp. 119–141.

19. 19. These data were collected in connection with the Purdue Police Alcohol Student Awareness Program run by Police Officer D. A. Larson.

20. 20. National Assessment of Educational Progress, The Nation’s Report Card, Mathematics & Reading Assessments 2015.

21. 21. Matthew A. Lapierre et al., “Background television in the homes of U.S. children,’’ Pediatrics, 130, No. 5 (2012), pp. 839–846.

22. 22. Sogol Javaheri et al., “Sleep quality and elevated blood pressure in adolescents,’’ Circulation, 118 (2008), pp. 1034–1040.

23. 23. Victor Lun et al., “Evaluation of nutritional intake in Canadian high-performance athletes,’’ Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 19, No. 5 (2009), pp. 405–411.

24. 24. R. A. Fisher, “The arrangement of field experiments,’’ Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture of Great Britain, 33 (1926), p. 504, quoted in Leonard J. Savage, “On rereading R. A. Fisher,’’ Annals of Statistics, 4 (1976), p. 471. Fisher’s work is described in a biography by his daughter: Joan Fisher Box, R. A. Fisher: The Life of a Scientist, Wiley, 1978.

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25. 25. The editorial was written by Phil Anderson. See British Medical Journal, 328 (2004), pp. 476–477. A letter to the editor on this topic by Doug Altman and J. Martin Bland appeared shortly after. See “Confidence intervals illuminate absence of evidence,’’ British Medical Journal, 328 (2004), pp. 1016–1017.

26. 26. A. Kamali et al., “Syndromic management of sexually-transmitted infections and behavior change interventions on transmission of HIV-1 in rural Uganda: A community randomised trial,’’ Lancet, 361 (2003), pp. 645–652.

27. 27. T. D. Sterling, “Publication decisions and their possible effects on inferences drawn from tests of significance—or vice versa,’’ Journal of the American Statistical Association, 54 (1959), pp. 30–34. Related comments appear in J. K. Skipper, A. L. Guenther, and G. Nass, “The sacredness of 0.05: A note concerning the uses of statistical levels of significance in social science,’’ American Sociologist, 1 (1967), pp. 16–18.

28. 28. For a good overview of these issues, see Bruce A. Craig, Michael A. Black, and Rebecca W. Doerge, “Gene expresssion data: The technology and statistical analysis,’’ Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics, 8 (2003), pp. 1–28.

29. 29. Erick H. Turner et al., “Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy,’’ New England Journal of Medicine, 358 (2008), pp. 252–260.

30. 30. Robert J. Schiller, “The volatility of stock market prices,’’ Science, 235 (1987), pp. 33–36.

31. 31. Corby K. Martin et al., “Children in school cafeterias select foods containing more saturated fat and energy than the Institute of Medicine recommendations,’’ Journal of Nutrition, 140 (2010), pp. 1653–1660.

32. 32. Data from Joan M. Susic, “Dietary phosphorus intakes, urinary and peritoneal phosphate excretion and clearance in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients,’’ MS thesis, Purdue University, 1985.

33. 33. Mugdha Gore and Joseph Thomas, “Store image as a predictor of store patronage for nonprescription medication purchases: A multiattribute model approach,’’ Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management, 10 (1996), pp. 45–68.

1. 1. Average hours per week obtained from “The Total Audience Report, 4th Quarter 2014,’’ Nielsen Company (2015).

2. 2. C. Don Wiggins, “The legal perils of ‘underdiversification’—a case study,’’ Personal Financial Planning, 1, No. 6 (1999), pp. 16–18.

3. 3. Data provided by Bill Berezowitz and James Malloy of GE Healthcare.

4. 4. Brent Stoffer and George W. Uetz, “The effects of social experience with varying male availability on female mate preferences in a wolf spider,’’ Behavioral Ecology Sociobiology, 69 (2015), pp. 927–937.

5. 5. Go to www.futurity.org/fried-food-taste-without-all-the-fat/ for more information.

6. 6. These recommendations are based on extensive computer work. See, for example, Harry O. Posten, “The robustness of the one-sample t-test over the Pearson system,’’ Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 9 (1979), pp. 133–149; and E. S. Pearson and N. W. Please, “Relation between the shape of population distribution and the robustness of four simple test statistics,’’ Biometrika, 62 (1975), pp. 223–241.

7. 7. The standard reference here is Bradley Efron and Robert J. Tibshirani, An Introduction to the Bootstrap, Chapman Hall, 1993. A less technical overview is in Bradley Efron and Robert J. Tibshirani, “Statistical data analysis in the computer age,’’ Science 253 (1991), pp. 390–395.

8. 8. From “Insolvency Statistics in Canada 2013—Annual report’’ available at www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/bsf-osb.nsf/eng/br03221.html.

9. 9. This announcement can be found at epa.gov/fueleconomy/labelchange.htm.

10. 10. Based on the scatterplot found at newsroom.uber.com/nyc/what-does-a-typical-new-york-uberx-partner-earn-in-a-week/.

11. 11. Statistics are from the article “6 new facts about Facebook,’’ posted February 3, 2014, on www.pewresearch.org/.

12. 12. A description of the lawsuit can be found at www.cnn.com/2013/02/26/business/california-anheuser-busch-lawsuit/index.html.

13. 13. See Note 1.

14. 14. Christine L. Porath and Amir Erez, “Overlooked but not untouched: How rudeness reduces onlookers’ performance on routine and creative tasks,’’ Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109 (2009), pp. 29–44.

15. 15. The vehicle is a 2002 Toyota Prius owned by the third author.

16. 16. Information regarding Instagram can be found at locowise.com/tools.php.

17. 17. Sujata Sethi et al., “Study of level of stress in the parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,’’ Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 8, No. 2 (2012), pp. 25–37.

18. 18. James A. Levine, Norman L. Eberhardt, and Michael D. Jensen, “Role of nonexercise activity thermogenesis in resistance to fat gain in humans,’’ Science, 283 (1999), pp. 212–214. Data for this study are available from the Science website, www.sciencemag.org.

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19. 19. These data were collected in connection with a bone health study at Purdue University and were provided by Linda McCabe.

20. 20. Based on Praveetha Patalay et al., “Equivalence of paper and computer formats of a child self-report mental health measure,’’ European Journal of Psychological Assessment, advance online publication, doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000206.

21. 21. Data provided by Joseph A. Wipf, Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures, Purdue University.

22. 22. Summary information can be found at the National Center for Health Statistics website, www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm.

23. 23. Detailed information about the conservative t procedures can be found in Paul Leaverton and John J. Birch, “Small sample power curves for the two sample location problem,’’ Technometrics, 11 (1969), pp. 299–307; in Henry Scheffé, “Practical solutions of the Behrens-Fisher problem,’’ Journal of the American Statistical Association, 65 (1970), pp. 1501–1508; and in D. J. Best and J. C. W. Rayner, “Welch’s approximate solution for the Behrens-Fisher problem,’’ Technometrics, 29 (1987), pp. 205–210.

24. 24. This example is adapted from Maribeth C. Schmitt, “The effects of an elaborated directed reading activity on the metacomprehension skills of third graders,’’ PhD dissertation, Purdue University, 1987.

25. 25. See the extensive simulation studies in Harry O. Posten, “The robustness of the two-sample t test over the Pearson system,’’ Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 6 (1978), pp. 295–311.

26. 26. M. Garaulet et al., “Timing of food intake predicts weight loss effectiveness,’’ International Journal of Obesity, advance online publication, January 29, 2013, doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.229.

27. 27. This study is reported in Roseann M. Lyle et al., “Blood pressure and metabolic effects of calcium supplementation in normotensive white and black men,’’ Journal of the American Medical Association, 257 (1987), pp. 1772–1776. The individual measurements in Table 7.5 were provided by Dr. Lyle.

28. 28. J.D. Vescovi and T. Goodale, “Physical demands of womens Rugby Sevens matches: Female athletes in motion (FAiM) study,’’ International Journal of Sports Medicine, advance online publication, doi:10.1055/s-0035-1548940.

29. 29. Elizabeth F Beach and Valerie Nie, “Noise levels in fitness classes are still too high: Evidence from 1997–1998 and 2009–2011,’’ Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health 69, No. 4 (2014), pp. 223–230.

30. 30. Y. Charles Zhang and Norbert Schwarz, “How and why 1 year differs from 365 days: A conversational logic analysis of inferences from the granularity of quantitative expressions,’’ Journal of Consumer Research 39 (August 2012), pp. S212–S223.

31. 31. Karel Kleisner et al., “Trustworthy-looking face meets brown eyes,’’ PLoS ONE 8, No. 1 (2013), e53285, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053285.

32. 32. Reynol Junco, “Too much face and not enough books: The relationship between multiple indices of Facebook use and academic performance,’’ Computers in Human Behavior, 28, No. 1 (2012), pp. 187–198.

33. 33. C. E. Cryfer et al., “Misery is not miserly: Sad and self-focused individuals spend more,’’ Psychological Science, 19 (2008), pp. 525–530.

34. 34. Grant D. Brinkworth et al., “Long-term effects of a very low-carbohydrate diet and a low-fat diet on mood and cognitive function,’’ Archives of Internal Medicine, 169 (2009), pp. 1873–1880.

35. 35. These reports can be found at www.qsrmagazine.com/reports.

36. 36. Samara Joy Nielsen and Barry M. Popkin, “Patterns and trends in food portion sizes, 1977–1998,’’ Journal of the American Medical Association, 289 (2003), pp. 450–453.

37. 37. Gordana Mrdjenovic and David A. Levitsky, “Nutritional and energetic consequences of sweetened drink consumption in 6- to 13-year-old children,’’ Journal of Pediatrics, 142 (2003), pp. 604–610.

38. 38. David Han-Kuen Chu, “A test of corporate advertising using the elaboration likelihood model,’’ MS thesis, Purdue University, 1993.

39. 39. M. F. Picciano and R. H. Deering, “The influence of feeding regimens on iron status during infancy,’’ American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 33 (1980), pp. 746–753.

40. 40. Average starting salary taken from the spring 2015 salary survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers.

41. 41. The data were obtained on August 24, 2006, from an iPod owned by George McCabe, Jr.

42. 42. The method is described in Xiao-Hua Zhou and Sujuan Gao,“Confidence intervals for the log-normal mean,’’ Statistics in Medicine, 16 (1997), pp. 783–790.

43. 43. See the 2015 press release from the Student Monitor, at www.studentmonitor.com.

44. 44. Data from Wayne Nelson, Applied Life Data Analysis, Wiley, 1982, p. 471.

45. 45. This city’s restaurant inspection data can be found at www.jsonline.com/watchdog/dataondemand/.

46. 46. Braz Camargo et al., “Interracial friendships in college,’’ Journal of Labor Economics, 28 (2010), pp. 861–892.

47. 47. Based on Loren Cordain et al., “Influence of moderate daily wine consumption on body weight regulation and metabolism in healthy free-living males,’’ Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 16 (1997), pp. 134–139.

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48. 48. B. Wansink et al., “Fine as North Dakota wine: Sensory expectations and the intake of companion foods,’’ Physiology & Behavior, 90 (2007), pp. 712–716.

49. 49. Douglas J. Levey et al., “Urban mockingbirds quickly learn to identify individual humans,’’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (2009), pp. 8959–8962.

50. 50. Morgan K. Ward and Darren W. Dahl, “Should the devil sell Prada? Retail rejection increases aspiring consumers’ desire for the brand,’’ Journal of Consumer Research, 41, No. 3 (2014), pp. 590–609.

51. 51. Anne Z. Hoch et al., “Prevalence of the female athlete triad in high school athletes and sedentary students,’’ Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 19 (2009), pp. 421–428.

52. 52. This exercise is based on events that are real. The data and details have been altered to protect the privacy of the individuals involved.

53. 53. Based loosely on D. R. Black et al., “Minimal interventions for weight control: A cost-effective alternative,’’ Addictive Behaviors, 9 (1984), pp. 279–285.

54. 54. These data were provided by Professor Sebastian Heath, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University.

1. 1. The actual distribution of X based on an SRS from a finite population is the hypergeometric distribution. Details regarding this distribution can be found in Sheldon M. Ross, A First Course in Probability, 8th ed., Prentice Hall, 2010.

2. 2. From pewinternet.org/2014/08/06/future-of-jobs.

3. 3. Results of the survey are available at slideshare.net/duckofdoom/google-research-about-mobile-internet-in-2011.

4. 4. Details of exact binomial procedures can be found in Myles Hollander and Douglas Wolfe, Nonparametric Statistical Methods, 2nd ed., Wiley, 1999.

5. 5. See A. Agresti and B. A. Coull, “Approximate is better than ‘exact’ for interval estimation of binomial proportions,’’ American Statistician, 52 (1998), pp. 119–126. A detailed theoretical study is Lawrence D. Brown, Tony Cai, and Anirban DasGupta, “Confidence intervals for a binomial proportion and asymptotic expansions,’’ Annals of Statistics, 30 (2002), pp. 160–201.

6. 6. See, for example, pilatesmethodalliance.org.

7. 7. See pewinternet.org/Reports/2013/in-store-mobile-commerce.aspx.

8. 8. Heather Tait, Aboriginal Peoples Survey, 2006: Inuit Health and Social Conditions, Social and Aboriginal Statistics Division, Statistics Canada, 2008. Available from statcan.gc.ca/pub.

9. 9. See southerncross.co.nz/about-the-group/media-releases/2013.aspx.

10. 10. See commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/full_cap-csm_report_results_1-7-13.pdf.

11. 11. See “National Survey of Student Engagement, the College Student Report,’’ available online at nsse.iub.edu/index.cfm.

12. 12. This survey and others that study issues related to college students can be found at nelliemae.com.

13. 13. See Note 11.

14. 14. Information about the survey can be found online at saint-denis.library.arizona.edu/natcong.

15. 15. From pewinternet.org/2015/04/09/teens-social-media-technology-2015.

16. 16. See Alan Agresti and Brian Caffo, “Simple and effective confidence intervals for proportions and differences of proportions result from adding two successes and two failures,’’ American Statistician, 45 (2000), pp. 280–288. The plus four interval is a bit conservative (true coverage probability is higher than the confidence level) when and are equal and close to 0 or 1, but the traditional interval is much less accurate and has the fatal flaw that the true coverage probability is less than the confidence level.

17. 17. J. M. Tanner, “Physical growth and development,’’ in J. O. Forfar and G. C. Arneil, Textbook of Paediatrics, 3rd ed., Churchill Livingston, 1984, pp. 1–292.

18. 18. Based on T. A. Brighton et al., “Low-dose aspirin for preventing recurrent venous thromboembolism,’’ New England Journal of Medicine, 367, No. 21 (2012), pp. 1979–1987. The analysis in the published manuscript used a slightly more complicated summary, called the hazard ratio, to compare the treatments.

19. 19. Nicolas Gueguen and Celine Jacob, “Clothing color and tipping: Gentlemen patrons give more tips to waitresses with red clothes,’’ Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 38, No. 2 (2014), pp. 275–280.

20. 20. Edward Bumfardner, “Loss of teeth as a disqualification for military service,’’ Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 18 (1903), pp. 217–219.

21. 21. B. J. Bradley et al., “Historical perspective and current status of the physical education requirement at American 4-year colleges and universities,’’ Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 83, No. 4 (2012), pp. 503–512.

22. 22. Erin K. O’Loughlin et al., “Prevalence and correlates of exergaming in youth,’’ Pediatrics, 130 (2012), pp. 806–814.

23. 23. From a Pew Internet Project Data Memo by Amanda Lenhart et al., dated December 2008. Available at pewinternet.org.

24. 24. The report, dated May 18, 2012, is available from pewinternet.org/Reports/2012/Future-of-Gamification/Overview.aspx.

25. 25. From the Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism, The State of the News Media 2012, available from stateofthemedia.org/?src=prc-headline.

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26. 26. See iom.edu.

27. 27. Based on a study described in Corby C. Martin et al., “Children in school cafeterias select foods containing more saturated fat and energy than the Institute of Medicine recommendations, ‘’ Journal of Nutrition, 140 (2010), pp. 1653–1660.

28. 28. From pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/2013/PIP_SocialMediaUsers.pdf.

29. 29. From forbes.com/sites/ericsavitz/2013/01/11/totally-pwned-2012-u-s-video-game-retail-sales-tumble-22.

30. 30. From the Entertainment Software Association website at theesa.com.

31. 31. See Note 12.

32. 32. See S. W. Lagakos, B. J. Wessen, and M. Zelen, “An analysis of contaminated well water and health effects in Woburn, Massachusetts,’’ Journal of the American Statistical Association, 81 (1986), pp. 583–596, and the following discussion. This case is the basis for the movie A Civil Action.

33. 33. This case is discussed in D. H. Kaye and M. Aickin (eds.), Statistical Methods in Discrimination Litigation, Marcel Dekker, 1986; and D. C. Baldus and J. W. L. Cole, Statistical Proof of Discrimination, McGraw-Hill, 1980.

1. 1. From a Pew Research Institute article by Monica Anderson, “Young adults more likely to say vaccinating kids should be a parental choice,’’ February 2, 2015.

2. 2. When the expected cell counts are small, we prefer a test based on the exact distribution rather than the chi-square approximation, particularly for tables. Many statistical software systems offer an “exact’’ test as well as the chi-square test for tables.

3. 3. D.-C. Seo et al., “Relations between physical activity and behavioral and perceptual correlates among midwestern college students,’’ Journal of Americal College Health, 56, No. 2 (2007), pp. 187–197.

4. 4. From P. Strazzullo et al., “Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: A meta analysis of prospective studies,’’ British Medical Journal, 339 (2009), pp. 1–9. The meta-analysis combined data from 14 study cohorts taken from 10 different studies.

5. 5. N. R. Cook et al., “Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes: Observational follow-up of the trials of the hypertension prevention (TOHP),’’ British Medical Journal, 334 (2007), pp. 1–8.

6. 6. Catherine Hill and Holly Kearl, Crossing the Line: Sexual Harassment at School, American Association of University Women, Washington, DC, 2011.

7. 7. For an overview of remote deposit capture, see remotedepositcapture.com/overview/rdc.overview.aspx.

8. 8. From the Community Bank Competitiveness Survey, 2008, ABA Banking Journal. The survey is available at nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sb/ababj-compsurv08/index.php.

9. 9. The sampling procedure was designed by George McCabe. It was carried out by Amy Conklin, an undergraduate honors student in the Department of Foods and Nutrition at Purdue University.

10. 10. The analysis could also be performed by using a two-way table to compare the states of the selected and not-selected students. Because the selected students are a relatively small percent of the total sample, the results will be approximately the same.

11. 11. See the M&M Mars website at us.mms.com/us/about/products for this and other information.

12. 12. See nhcaa.org.

13. 13. These data are a composite based on several actual audits of this type.

14. 14. Data provided by Professor Marcy Towns of the Purdue University Department of Chemistry.

15. 15. Based on The Ethics of American Youth–-2008, available from the Josephson Institute at charactercounts.org.

16. 16. From the Survey of Canadian Career College Students Phase II: In-School Student Survey, 2008. This report is available from files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED514952.pdf.

1. 1. Data based on Michael L. Mestek et al., “The relationship between pedometer-determined and self-reported physical activity and body composition variables in college-aged men and women,’’ Journal of American College Health, 57 (2008), pp. 39–44.

2. 2. M. Van Praag et al., “The higher returns to formal education for entrepreneurs versus employees,’’ Small Business Economics 40 (2013), pp. 375–396.

3. 3. Information regarding bone health can be found in “Osteoporosis: Peak bone mass in women,’’ last reviewed in June 2015 and available at www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Osteoporosis/bone_mass.asp.

4. 4. The data were provided by LindaMcCabe and were collected as part of a large study of women’s bone health and another study of calcium kinetics, both directed by Professor Connie Weaver of the Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University.

5. 5. This annual report can be found at www.kiplinger.com.

6. 6. Data available at www.ncdc.noaa.gov.

7. 7. Data sampled from www.jcmit.com/memoryprice.htm.

8. 8. C.U. Eze et al., “Relationship between sonographic umbilical cord size and gestational age among pregnant women in Enugu, Nigeria,’’ African Health Sciences, 14, No. 2 (2014), pp. 334–338, doi:10.4314/ahs.v14i2.7.

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9. 9. The method is described in Chapter 2 of M. Kutner et al., Applied Linear Statistical Models, 5th ed., Irwin, 2004.

10. 10. National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics, Federal Science and Engineering Support to Universities, Colleges, and Nonprofits: Fiscal Year 2013. Detailed Statistical Tables NSF 15-327, Arlington, VA, 2015. Available at www.nsf.gov/statistics/2015/nsf15327/.

11. 11. L. Cooke et al., “Relationship between parental report of food neophobia and everyday food consumption in 2–6-year-old children,’’ Appetite, 41 (2003), pp. 205–206.

12. 12. Toben F. Nelson et al., “The state sets the rate: The relationship among state-specific college binge drinking, state binge drinking rates, and selected state alcohol control policies,’’ American Journal of Public Health, 95, No. 3 (2005), pp. 441–446.

13. 13. These data can be found in the report titled “Grade inflation at American colleges and universities,’’ at www.gradeinflation.com.

14. 14. Rates can be found in various “Annual Return of Key Indices’’ reports available at www.lazardnet.com.

15. 15. Andrew Lepp et al., “The relationship between cell phone use, academic performance, anxiety, and satisfaction with life in college students,’’ Computers and Human Behavior, 31 (2014), pp. 343–350.

16. 16. These are part of the data from the EESEE story “Blood Alcohol Content,’’ found on the text website, www.macmillanhighered.com/launchpad/ips8e.

17. 17. Tuition and fees for 2008 and tuition for 2014 were obtained from www.findthebest.com. Tuition rates for 2000 from the “2000–2001 Tuition and Required Fees Report,’’ University of Missouri.

18. 18. M. Mondello and J. Maxcy, “The impact of salary dispersion and performance bonuses in NFL organizations’” Management Decision, 47 (2009), pp. 110–123. These data were collected from www.cbssports.com/nfl/playerrankings/regularseason/ and content.usatoday.com/sportsdata/football/nfl/salaries/team.

19. 19. Selling price and assessment value available at php.jconline.com/propertysales/propertysales.php.

20. 20. Matthew P. Martens et al., “The co-occurrence of alcohol use and gambling activities in first-year college students,’’ Journal of American College Health, 57 (2009), pp. 597–602.

21. 21. Based on Dan Dauwalter’s master’s thesis in the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources at Purdue University. More information is available in Daniel C. Dauwalter et al., “An index of biotic integrity for fish assemblages in Ozark Highland streams of Arkansas,’’ Southeastern Naturalist, 2 (2003), pp. 447–468. These data were provided by Emmanuel Frimpong.

22. 22. James T. Flemming, “The measurement pf children’s perception of difficulty in reading materials,” {\it Research in the Teaching of English}, 1(1967), pp. 136–156.

23. 23. G. Geri and B. Palla, “Considerazioni sulle più recenti osservazioni ottiche alla Torre Pendente di Pisa,’’ Estratto dal Bollettino della Società Italiana di Topografia e Fotogrammetria, 2 (1988), pp. 121–135. Professor Julia Mortera of the University of Rome provided valuable assistance with the translation.

24. 24. Z. Xuan et al., “Tax policy, adult binge drinking, and youth alcohol consumption in the United States,’’ Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 37, no. 10 (2013), pp. 1713–1719.

25. 25. Alexandra Burt, “A mechanistic explanation of popularity: Genes, rule breaking, and evocative gene-environment correlations,’’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96 (2009), pp. 783–794.

1. 1. This data set is similar to those used at Purdue University to assess academic success.

2. 2. M.I. Núñez-Peña et al., “Feedback on students performance: A possible way of reducing the negative effect of math anxiety in higher education,’’ International Journal of Educational Research, 70 (2015), pp. 80–87.

3. 3. Katharine Kelley et al., “Estimating consumer spending on tickets, merchandise, and food and beverage: A case study of a NHL team,’’ Journal of Sport Management, 28 (2014), pp. 253–265.

4. 4. Based on Leigh J. Maynard and Malvern Mupandawana, “Tipping behavior in Canadian restaurants,’’ International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28 (2009), pp. 597–603.

5. 5. Kathleen E. Miller, “Wired: Energy drinks, jock identity, masculine norms, and risk taking,’’ Journal of American College Health, 56 (2008), pp. 481–489.

6. 6. From a table entitled “Largest Indianapolis-area architectural firms,” Indianapolis Business Journal, June 15, 2014.

7. 7. The data were obtained from the Internet Movie Database (IMDb), www.imdb.com, on August 14, 2014.

8. 8. The 2015 table of 200 top universities can be found at www.timeshighereducation.co.uk.

9. 9. The results were published in C. M. Weaver et al., “Quantification of biochemical markers of bone turnover by kinetic measures of bone formation and resorption in young healthy females,’’ Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 12 (1997), pp. 1714–1720. The data were provided by Linda McCabe.

10. 10. This data set was provided by Joanne Lasrado of the Purdue University Department of Foods and Nutrition.

11. 11. These data are based on experiments performed by G. T. Lloyd and E. H. Ramshaw of the CSIRO Division of Food Research, Victoria, Australia. Some results of the statistical analyses of these data are given in G. P. McCabe, L. McCabe, and A. Miller, “Analysis of taste and chemical composition of cheddar cheese, 1982–83 experiments,’’ CSIRO Division of Mathematics and Statistics Consulting Report VT85/6; and in I. Barlow et al., “Correlations and changes in flavour and chemical parameters of cheddar cheeses during maturation,’’ Australian Journal of Dairy Technology, 44 (1989), pp. 7–18.

1. 1. Statistics from “The Infinite Dial 2014’’ survey by Edison Research and Triton Digital posted in March 2014.

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2. 2. Based on Stephanie T. Tong et al., “Too much of a good thing? The relationship between number of friends and interpersonal impressions on Facebook,’’ Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13 (2008), pp. 531–549.

3. 3. This rule is intended to provide a general guideline for deciding when serious errors may result by applying ANOVA procedures. When the sample sizes in each group are very small, this rule may be a little too conservative. For unequal sample sizes, particular difficulties can arise when a relatively small sample size is associated with a population having a relatively large standard deviation.

4. 4. Penny M. Simpson et al., “The eyes have it, or do they? The effects of model eye color and eye gaze on consumer ad response,’’ Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 8 (2008), pp. 60–71.

5. 5. Discussion on this an other tests can be found in M.H. Kutner et al., Applied Linear Models, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005.

6. 6. Bryan Raudenbush et al., “Pain threshold and tolerance differences among intercollegiate athletes: Implication of past sports injuries and willingness to compete among sports teams,’’ North American Journal of Psychology, 14 (2012), pp. 85–94.

7. 7. Based on “Don’t bring me down: A study of the perceived emotional impact of positive, negative, and neutral content on Facebook,’’ Thesis (2015), Isis Lopez, University of Texas at Brownsville.

8. 8. Several different definitions for the noncentrality parameter of the noncentral F distribution are in use. When I = 2, the λ defined here is equal to the square of the noncentrality parameter δ that we used for the two-sample t test in Chapter 7. Many authors prefer . We have chosen to use λ because it is the form needed for the SAS function PROBF.

9. 9. Woo Gon Kim et al., “Influence of institutional DINESERV on customer satisfaction, return intention, and word-of-mouth,’’ International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28 (2009), pp. 10–17.

10. 10. Eileen Wood et al., “Examining the impact of off-task multi-tasking with technology on real-time classroom learning,’’ Computers & Education, 58 (2012), pp. 365–374.

11. 11. Sangwon Lee and Seonmi Lee, “Multiple play strategy in global telecommunication markets: An empirical analysis,’’International Journal of Mobile Marketing, 3 (2008), pp. 44–53.

12. 12. F. Madhumita, “A study of changes to the websites of British Columbia wineries between 2004 and 2012,’’ MS Dissertation (2013), University of British Colombia.

13. 13. Kendall J. Eskine, “Wholesome foods and wholesome morals? Organic foods reduce prosocial behavior and harshen moral judgments,’’ Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2012, doi:10.1177/1948550612447114.

14. 14. Adam I. Perlman et al., “Massage therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee: A randomized dose-finding trial,’’ PLoS ONE, 7, No. 2 (2012), e30248, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030248.

15. 15. Jeffrey T. Kullgren et al., “Individual- versus group-based financial incentives for weight loss,’’ Annals of Internal Medicine, 158, No. 7 (2013), pp. 505–514.

16. 16. Corinne M. Kodama and Angela Ebreo, “Do labels matter? Attitudinal and behavioral correlates of ethnic and racial identity choices among Asian American undergraduates,’’ College Student Affairs Journal, 27, No. 2 (2009), pp. 155–175.

17. 17. Christie N. Scollon et al., “Emotions across cultures and methods,’’ Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 35 (2004), pp. 304–326.

18. 18. Jesus Tanguma et al., “Shopping and bargaining in Mexico: The role of women,’’ Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 9 (2009), pp. 34–40.

19. 19. Adrian C. North et al., “The effect of musical style on restaurant consumers’ spending,’’ Environment and Behavior, 35 (2003), pp. 712–718.

20. 20. The experiment was performed in Connie Weaver’s lab in the Purdue University Department of Foods and Nutrition. The data were provided by Berdine Martin and Yong Jiang.

21. 21. The data were provided by James Kaufman. The study is described in James C. Kaufman, “The cost of the muse: Poets die young,’’ Death Studies, 27 (2003), pp. 813–821. The quote from Yeats appears in this article.

22. 22. Data provided by Jo Welch of the Purdue University Department of Foods and Nutrition.

23. 23. Steve Badylak et al., “Marrow-derived cells populate scaffolds composed of xenogeneic extracellular matrix,’’ Experimental Hematology, 29 (2001), pp. 1310–1318.

1. 1. Based on a student project of Stefannie Garcia, Stephanie Morgan, Jeremy Sanders, Taylor Hooper, and Natalie Rowe titled “The effect of scarcity on consumer purchase intentions,’’ University of New Orleans, 2014.

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2. 2. We present the two-way ANOVA model and analysis for the general case in which the sample sizes may be unequal. If the sample sizes vary a great deal, serious complications can arise. There is no longer a single standard ANOVA analysis. Most computer packages offer several options for the computation of the ANOVA table when cell counts are unequal. When the counts are approximately equal, all methods give essentially the same results.

3. 3. Sara N. Bleich and Julia A. Wolfson, “Trends in SSBs and snack consumption among children by age, body weight, and race/ethnicity,’’ Pediatric Obesity, 23 (2015), pp. 1039–1046.

4. 4. Rick Bell and Patricia L. Pliner, “Time to eat: The relationship between the number of people eating and meal duration in three lunch settings,’’ Appetite, 41 (2003), pp. 215–218.

5. 5. Karolyn Drake and Jamel Ben El Hine, “Synchronizing with music: Intercultural differences,’’ Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 99 (2003), pp. 429–437.

6. 6. Example 13.8 is based on a study described in P. D. Wood et al., “Plasma lipoprotein distributions in male and female runners,’’ in P. Milvey (ed.), The Marathon: Physiological, Medical, Epidemiological, and Psychological Studies, New York Academy of Sciences, 1977.

7. 7. Koert van Ittersum et al., “Smart shopping carts: How real-time feedback influences spending,’’ Journal of Marketing, 77 (2013), pp. 21–36.

8. 8. Alex L. Jones et al., “Miscalibrations in judgements of attractiveness with cosmetics,’’ The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, (2014), doi:10.1080/17470218.2014.908932.

9. 9. Gerardo Ramirez and Sian L. Beilock, “Writing about testing worries boosts exam performance in the classroom,’’ Science, 331 (2011), pp. 211–213.

10. 10. Felix Javier Jimenez-Jimenez et al., “Influence of age and gender in motor performance in healthy adults,’’ Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 302 (2011), pp. 72–80.

11. 11. Tomas Brodin et al., “Ecological effects of pharmaceuticals in aquatic systems impacts through behavioural alterations,’’ Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, (2014), doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0580.

12. 12. Sarah J. Gervais et al., “My eyes are up here: The nature of the objectifying gaze toward women,’’ Sex Roles, 69 (2013), pp. 557–570.

13. 13. Vincent P. Magnini and Kiran Karande, “The influences of transaction history and thank you statements in service recovery,’’ International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28 (2009), pp. 540–546.

14. 14. Brian Wansink et al., “The office candy dish: Proximity’s influence on estimated and actual consumption,’’ International Journal of Obesity, 30 (2006), pp. 871–875.

15. 15. Data based on Brian T. Gold et al., “Lifelong bilingualism maintains neural efficiency for cognitive control in aging,’’ Journal of Neuroscience, 33, No. 2 (2013), pp. 387–396.

16. 16. Annette N. Senitko et al., “Influence of endurance exercise training status and gender on postexercise hypotension,’’ Journal of Applied Physiology, 92 (2002), pp. 2368–2374.

17. 17. Willemijn M. van Dolen, Ko de Ruyter, and Sandra Streukens, “The effect of humor in electronic service encounters,’’ Journal of Economic Psychology, 29 (2008), pp. 160–179.

18. 18. Jane Kolodinsky et al., “Sex and cultural differences in the acceptance of functional foods: A comparison of American, Canadian, and French college students,’’ Journal of American College Health, 57 (2008), pp. 143–149.

19. 19. Gad Saad and John G. Vongas, “The effect of conspicuous consumption on men’s testosterone levels,’’ Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 110 (2009), pp. 80–92.

20. 20. Klaus Boehnke et al., “On the interrelation of peer climate and school performance in mathematics: A German-Canadian-Israeli comparison of 14-year-old school students,’’ in B. N. Setiadi, A. Supratiknya, W. J. Lonner, and Y. H. Poortinga (eds.), Ongoing Themes in Psychology and Culture (Online Ed.), International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology.

21. 21. Data provided by Julie Hendricks and V. J. K. Liu of the Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University.

22. 22. Lijia Lin et al., “Animated agents and learning: Does the type of verbal feedback they provide matter?’’ Computers and Education, 2013, doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2013.04.017.

23. 23. Tamar Kugler et al., “Trust between individuals and groups: Groups are less trusting than individuals but just as trustworthy,’’ Journal of Economic Psychology, 28 (2007), pp. 646–657.

24. 24. Based on A. A. Adish et al., “Effect of consumption of food cooked in iron pots on iron status and growth of young children: A randomised trial,’’ Lancet, 353 (1999), pp. 712–716.

25. 25. Based on a problem from Renée A. Jones and Regina P. Becker, Department of Statistics, Purdue University.

26. 26. For a summary of this study and other research in this area, see Stanley Coren and Diane F. Halpern, “Left-handedness: A marker for decreased survival fitness,’’ Psychological Bulletin, 109 (1991), pp. 90–106.

27. 27. Data provided by Neil Zimmerman of the Purdue University School of Health Sciences.

28. 28. See I. C. Feller et al., “Sex-biased herbivory in Jack-in-the-pulpit ( Arisaema triphyllum) by a specialist thrips ( Heterothrips arisaemae),’’ in Proceedings of the 7th International Thysanoptera Conference, Reggio Callabrio, Italy, pp. 163–172.