INDEX
351
Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures; those followed by m indicate maps; those followed by t indicate tables.
Abbott, Edith, 321
aboriginal groups, 122–123
Aborigine language, 94m–95m, 110
Aborigine toponyms, 115, 115f
Abrahamic religions, 184
absolute population density, 72
absorbing barriers, 12, 194
Acadiana, 124m, 125, 125m
accidental diffusion, 230, 230m
acculturation, 123
acid rain, 262–263, 263m
in Adirondack Mountains, 263
acropolis sites, 290
adaptive strategy, 17, 194
Addams, Jane, 321
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 239
Adi Granth, 187
Adirondack Mountains, acid rain in, 263
advertising, cultural diffusion by, 42
Afghanistan, 12, 42, 63, 68, 134, 134m
AFHVS (Agriculture, Food, and Human Values) web site, 246
Africa. See also East Africa; North Africa; sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; specific countries
age distributions in, 67–68
agriculture in, 213, 215, 218, 219, 222–223, 224
as center of plant domestication, 228
colonial rule in, 162–163, 163m
desertification in, 234, 235m
flooding in, 290
houses in, 50–51, 51f
industry in, 259
languages spoken in, 108, 110
population density of, 59
religion in, 186, 203
rural settlement patterns in, 84, 86
sleeping sickness in, 79–80
urbanization in, 278, 286
western European immigrants from, 132
African-Americans
business activity and, 140
environmental racism and, 138
folk dwellings of, 48f, 49
folk region of, 33, 33f
housing policies and, 309
one-drop rule and, 122
relocation of, 126
return migration of, 135
slavery and, 122
in U.S. population, 130t, 131–132
as urban ethnic group, 128
African slaves, 75, 106, 229
Afro-Asiatic language family, 94m–95m, 97t, 98, 102m, 103
age distributions, 67–70, 70f, 71f
agglomeration, 306, 308
Agnew, John, 155, 176
agribusinesses, 222, 240, 241m
agricultural cultural interaction, 236–242
adequacy of food supply and, 239m, 239–242, 242f
agribusiness and, 240, 241m
economy and, 236–237
food system vulnerability and, 240–242, 242f
transportation costs and, 237f, 237–239, 238m
agricultural diffusion, 226–230
animal domestication and, 228
centers of domestication and, 227m, 227–228, 228m
exploration, colonialism, and the green revolution and, 228–230, 229f, 230m, 231m
origins and diffusion of plant domestication and, 227
agricultural ecology, 230–236
cultural adaptation, nature, and technology and, 231m, 231–232, 233f
desertification and, 233–234, 234f, 235m
environmental perception and, 234–235
green fuels and, 236
intensity of land use and, 233
organic agriculture and, 235–236
sustainable agriculture and, 232–233
agricultural fairs, 40, 40m
agricultural landscapes, 242–245
fencing and hedging and, 244, 245f
patterns of, 242–244, 243m, 243f–245f
agricultural regions, 214m–215m, 214–226
aquaculture and mariculture and, 224f, 224–226, 225m, 226m
dairying and, 222
definition of, 214
grain farming and, 221f, 221–222, 222f
livestock feeding and, 220, 220m
livestock ranching and, 223–224
market gardening and, 220
nomadic herding and, 222–223, 223f
nonagricultural areas and, 226
paddy rice farming and, 217, 217f
peasant farming and, 217–218, 218f
plantation agriculture and, 218–219, 219f
swidden (shifting) cultivation and, 215–217, 216f
urban agriculture and, 224
agricultural revolution, 74, 108
agricultural subsidies, 269
agricultural surpluses, 281
agriculture, 213–246. See also entries beginning with term agricultural
commercial, 217
definition of, 213
extensive, 215
intensive, 214–215
patterns of, 3m, 3–4
plantation, 218–219, 219f
planting by the signs and, 45
population density and, 82
religion and, 197–198, 198m
subsistence, 216
suburban sprawl and, 310
urban, 224
Agriculture and Human Values, 247
Agriculture, Food, and Human Values (AFHVS) web site, 246
ahimsa, 187, 196
AIDS, 64, 64m, 77, 79m
Airriess, Christopher A., 146–147
Alaska, 70, 152
Alaska Highway, 109
Alaska Natives, 4f, 78, 131m, 132, 172, 226
alcoholic beverages, 35, 36m
Alcoholics Anonymous, 180
Alexandria, Virginia, 144
Al-Faruqi, Isma’il R., 210
Algeria, French control of, 163
Allah, 186
alms, Muslims and, 186
Alps, linguistic ecology and, 106
Altaic language family, 94m–95m, 98, 103, 107m
Amana, Iowa, 208f
Amazonian region, 20f, 33, 216f, 261, 262m, 292
Amazon River, 290
amenity landscapes, 52
American Manufacturing Belt, 254f, 257
American Memory web site, 55
American Religious Identification Survey, 201–202
web site of, 210
American South, fire ant in, 230, 230m
American Southwest, 130, 235, 290. See also specific states
Amerindian languages, 94m–95m
Amharic language, 98, 106–107
Amish people, 31, 40, 122, 204
Amish religion, 31
Anatolian hypothesis, 101
Andean highlands, 232, 237, 282
Anderson, Kay, 2, 27
Anderson, Thomas, 17
Andrea, Tone, 90
Angelozzi, Giorgio, 68
Angkor Thom, Cambodia, 283
Anglo-America, 257. See also Canada; North America; United States
Anglo-Americans, business activity and, 140
Angola, death rate in, 67
animals. See also beef; livestock
domesticated, 228
mountain gorilla, 168, 168f
animism, 189, 194, 195, 205, 205f
animists, 189
Anjouan Island national territory, 152
Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 27
Antarctica, 263, 264
Anthropogeographie (Ratzel), 16
anticonquest, 115
apartheid, 42, 297f, 297–298
Apia, Western Samoa, 111f
Appalachia, fencing in, 244
Appalachian hill people, 45, 45m
Appalachian whites, urban, 128
aquaculture, 224–225, 225m
Arab(s), expansion of, 191
Arabian Peninsula, 98, 222–223. See also specific countries
Arabic language, 97t, 98, 104, 104t, 106, 108, 109f
Arabic toponyms, 115, 116m
Arab League, 156
Arab Spring, 164, 164m, 200
Aral Sea, 232, 233f
352
architectural style, 26, 26f
architecture. See also houses and housing
in downtowns, 302, 302f
folk, 48f, 48–49
folk culture regions and, 32, 32f
Arctic Ocean, ice in, 263
Argentina, 110, 132, 221, 244
Armenia, 169, 170
Armenian Church, 184
Arreola, Daniel, 142, 145–146
Arvada, Colorado, population of, 130t
ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations), 156
Asher, R. E., 116
Ashkenazim, 183
Ashton, Dub, 42
Asia. See also East Asia; South Asia; Southeast Asia; Southwest Asia; specific countries
age distributions in, 67, 68
agriculture in, 213, 217f, 217–218, 218f, 219, 225, 232
death rates in, 64
export processing zones in, 270, 270m
industry in, 259
Islam in, 186
languages spoken in, 97, 98, 108
North American immigrants from, 130t, 130–131, 312
rural settlement patterns in, 84, 85, 85f, 86
sex industry in, 87–88
urbanization in, 278, 286
western European immigrants from, 132
Asian-Americans, 128, 130m, 130t, 130–131. See also specific groups
assimilation, 123, 126
Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), 156
Athens, Greece, 290
Atlas of Global Development web site, 275
Australia
Aborigine toponyms in, 115, 115f
agriculture in, 221, 224, 229
death rate in, 65
environmental sustainability in, 266
industry in, 260t
languages spoken in, 97, 110, 110m
political unity of, 151
population density of, 59
population ecology in, 79
rural settlement patterns in, 86
sex ratio in, 70
territorial structure of, 154
Australian Aborigine language, 94m–95m, 110
Austria, immigrants in, 76f
Austro-Asiatic language family, 94m–95m, 98
Austronesian language family, 94m–95m, 98, 101–103, 102m, 103m, 108
automobile industry, 260, 260m
axis mundi, 283, 284m
Ayers, Henry, 9f
Ayers Rock (Uluru), 8, 9f
Azerbaijan, legal code in, 200
Babylon, Iraq, 284m
Bagmati River, 194
Bali, Indonesia, 187, 188f, 205f, 207, 217f
Bangladesh, 59, 60t, 152, 186, 240
Bantu languages, 98, 99m, 106
Bantu people, expansion of, 136
baptism, 207
Baptist Church, 185, 201
Barbados, living standard in, 72
barn(s), folk culture regions and, 32, 32f
Barnes, Trevor, 275
barriadas, 295–296
barriers
to communications, 42
to cultural innovations, 12–13
to linguistic migration, 106
to religious diffusion, 193–194
Basque immigrants, 141–142
Basque language, 110
Bayside (Miami, Florida), 326
Bedouins, nomadic herding by, 223
beef
feedlots and, 220, 221f
Hindu avoidance of, 198
mad cow disease and, 241–242, 242f
beef wheel, 33, 33f
Beijing, China, 280t, 293
Belarus, 265, 265m
Belgium, 76f, 108, 162, 257, 260t
Belleville (Paris, France), 314f
Bengali language, 97t
Beni Hassan Islamic necropolis, Egypt, 207f
Bennett, Charles, 106
Berber people, 98
Berlin, Germany, 154, 314
Bern, Switzerland, 289
Berry, Kate A., 146
beverages, popular culture regions and, 35, 36m
Bible, 108, 184
Bible Belt, 185
bilingualism, 96–97
Bingham Canyon, 271f
biofuels, 236
birthrates
in China, 83
demographic transition and, 65, 67, 67f, 68m, 69m
Bjorkland, Elaine, 140
Black Belt, 126, 135
Black Death, 76, 77f
Black Hills (South Dakota), 175, 175f
Blaikie, Piers, 165–166
blowguns, diffusion of, 43–44, 44m
blue states, 160, 160m
Blunt, Alison, 328
Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, 224
Bogotá, Colombia, 88f, 88–89, 89f
Bollywood, 40–41, 41f
Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, 298
Bombay (Mumbai), India, 280t, 286, 293
Bora Bora, Polynesia, 109f, 132f
borders. See also boundaries of functional culture regions, 6f, 7
border zones, 6
Boston, Massachusetts, 290, 321f, 326, 326f
Boston-New York-Philadelphia-Washington, D.C. megalopolis, 323
boundaries
ethnographic, 153
geometric, 153
natural, 153
political, 152–154, 154f, 173–174, 174f
relic, 154
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), 241–242, 242f
Brahman, 187
Brahmins, 187
Branson, Richard, 53
Brasília, Brazil, 143f, 143–144
Brauer, Jurgen, 176
Brazil
agriculture in, 216f, 244
deforestation in, 261
food folk culture of, 33
immigration to, 132
industry in, 259
Kyoto Protocol and, 264
languages spoken in, 109
national territory of, 152, 153m
population of, 60t
protectionism in, 269
religion in, 180, 200
soil erosion in, 20f
Breckinridge, Sophonisba, 321
Brenner, Neil, 299
bridge-point sites, 290, 290f
Bridgeport, Nebraska, 119
British Isles, 166. See also England; Great Britain; Ireland; Scotland; Wales
Bronner, Simon, 55
Brookfield, Harold, 165–166
Brooklyn, New York, 224
Brownell, Joseph, 37, 39
BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy), 241–242, 242f
Budapest, Hungary, 299
Buddhism, 180, 187–188, 188f
cremations and, 197
divisions in, 188
origin and diffusion of, 190m, 191
pilgrimages and, 200
temples of, 2f
yoga and meditation and, 201
Buenos Aires, Argentina, 280, 280t, 311, 311f
buffer states, 152
Bulgaria, 62
Bullard, Robert, 138
Burgess, Ernest W., 317–318
burial places, 207f, 207–208, 208f
Buriat Mongol yurt, 51f
Burma (Myanmar), 229
Burundi, Hutu refugees in, 133
cadastral pattern, 242
Cadbury, 42, 47
Cairo, Egypt, 280t, 295
Cajun cooking, 145, 145f
Cajun people, 125
Calcutta (Kolkata), India, 77, 279f, 280t, 286
Calgary Stampede, 43
California, 130, 197, 229, 232, 312, 323
Calvinist houses of worship, 204
Cambodia, 98, 133
Cameroon, 101
Canada. See also North America; specific provinces
acid rain in, 263
agriculture in, 214, 221, 224, 243m, 244
boundary with United States, 153
death rate in, 65
federalism in, 172
folk culture regions of, 30m
Fukushima nuclear accident and, 265
houses in, 24–25, 25f, 26, 26f
immigration to U.S. from, 312
Kyoto Protocol and, 264
languages spoken in, 101, 109, 110, 111–112
legal code in, 172
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) and, 157, 158t, 268
nonagricultural areas in, 226
population density of, 72t
Protestantism in, 185, 185m
rodeos in, 43
separatist movement in, 154, 170
sex ratio in, 70
territorial structure of, 154
West Edmonton Mall in, 52, 52f
Candomblé, 201
Canyon County, Idaho, 173f
CAP (Common Agricultural Policy), 269
Cappadocia Province, Turkey, 34f
carbon dioxide (CO2), global warming and, 263, 264
Caribbean Community (CARICOM), 156, 158t
Caribbean region. See also specific countries
export processing zones in, 270, 270m
food folk culture of, 33
immigration to U.S. from, 312
producer services in, 253
religion in, 180, 181f, 200
urbanization in, 278, 280
CARICOM (Caribbean Community), 156, 158t
Carney, George O., 55
Carney, Judith, 229
carrying capacity, 60
Carver, Craig M., 116
Cassidy, Frederic C., 116
castas painting, 121f
caste(s), Hindu, 187
Castells, Manuel, 312
Castles, Stephen, 90
Catholic Church. See Roman Catholic Church
Caucasic language family, 94m–95m, 103, 107m, 110
Caucasus Mountains, 106, 107m, 137, 137m
cellular phones, 12
Celtic Druids, 189f
Celtic languages, 96f, 97
cemeteries, 207f, 207–208, 208f
cenotes, 86
censorship, 12–13, 42
Census of the United States web site, 146
census tracts, 303
Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage web site, 55
Central American Integration System (SICA), 156, 158t
central business districts (CBDs), 302
centralization, urban, 305–307, 306f
centralized government, 174
centralizing forces, 305
central place(s), 293
central-place theory, 293f, 293–295, 294f
Centre for Urban History web site, 328
centrifugal forces, 155
centripetal forces, 155
Chacko, Elizabeth, 144
Chad, legal code in, 200
chain of explanation, 165–166
chain migration, 133, 133m, 135
channelization, 135
chapel, in place names, 210
Charlotte, North Carolina, 310f
Chauncey, George, 312
Chechnya (Ichkeria), 172
checkerboard development, 309–310
checkerboard villages, 84f, 85, 86–87, 87f
Chengdu, China, heat island in, 315f
Chennai, India, 267, 268f
Chernobyl nuclear accident, 265, 265m
Cheyenne, Wyoming, 43
Chicago, Illinois, 128, 129m, 290, 306, 306f, 317–318, 318f
Chicanos, 123, 128, 140, 141, 141m, 142, 142f
Chichén Itzá, Mexico, 284f
Chile, national territory of, 152, 153m
China
agriculture in, 22f, 217, 218, 218f, 224, 225
burial places and, 207
as center of plant domestication, 228
Cultural Revolution in, 193
emerging markets in, 268, 269m
emigration from, 132, 132f
ethnic groups in, 122, 123m
famine in, 240
globalization and, 47
Great Leap Forward in, 240
Great Wall of, 174, 174f
Hong Kong’s return to, 131
human trafficking in, 83
imperialism of, 108
industrial landscapes in, 273f, 273–274
industry in, 259, 260, 260t, 261
Internet censorship in, 12
Kyoto Protocol and, 264
language spoken in, 97, 97t
national territory of, 161
North American immigrants from, 130, 131
one-child policy in, 67, 82–83, 83f
population of, 59, 60t, 72t, 73
religion in, 186, 188, 189, 191, 192–193, 194
resource consumption by, 80
rural settlement patterns in, 84, 85
terraced cultural landscape in, 22f
territorial structure of, 154
urbanization in, 281, 283, 286, 292
writing in, 108
Chinese-Americans, 128, 128f, 141, 141m
Chinese Communist Party, 193
Chinese language, 94m–95m, 104, 104t, 109, 109f, 111
Chinese people, color and, 143, 143f
Chiquita, 219
cholera, spread of, 77, 78m
Cholula, Mexico, pyramid, 194
Chongqing (Chungking), China, 17, 18m
Christaller, Walter, 293–295
Christianity, 183–186, 184f, 185m. See also specific churches
burial places and, 208
in China, 194
culture hearth shared with Islam and Judaism, 183–184, 186, 190–191, 192m
demand for wine and, 197
diffusion of, 191, 192m
divisions in, 184–185, 185f, 185m
origin and diffusion of, 190m
orthodox, 181
sacred spaces of, 194, 194f
water in, 206, 207
Christopher, A. J., 297, 298
Chungking (Chongqing), China, 17, 18m
church buildings, 203–204, 204f–206f
Cincinnati, Ohio, 316m
cities, 301–328. See also entries beginning with term urban; specific cities
central-place theory and, 293f, 293–295, 294f
cosmomagical, 283, 283f
downtowns of. See downtowns
edge (galactic), 323–324
environmental racism in, 138f, 138m, 138–139
ethnic landscapes in, 142f, 142–144, 143f
ethnic neighborhoods in, 127, 128f, 128–129, 129m
gateway, 130t, 130–131
global, 286
globalization of, 286–287, 287m
globalizing, 287, 295–296
height restrictions in, 172, 172f
images (mental maps) of, 323
international, 286, 287m
natural disasters and, 290, 291f, 292
origin of, 280–287
as palimpsests, 322
primate, 280
rise of, models for, 281–282
urban skyline as symbolic landscape, 24, 24f
cityscapes, symbolic, 322f, 322–323
Clay, Jason, 246
clean air movement, 163–164
Clearances, 75
cleavage(s), 158
cleavage model, 171m, 171–172
climate
change in, 232, 263–264, 290, 290m
cities and, 314–315, 315f, 316m
population ecology and, 78–79
clustering, 306, 308
The Clustering of America (Weiss), 34
CNN, 34
Coalbrookdale, England, 256–257
coal mining, 80, 257
Coca-Cola, 36
Cohen, Saul Bernard, 176
colonialism, 152, 169. See also imperialism
agricultural diffusion and, 228–230, 229f, 230m, 231m
political innovation and, 162–163, 163m
color
ethnicity and, 142–143, 143f
national, Dutch, 175
religion and, 206, 206f
Colorado River, 235, 292, 292f
Colten, Craig E., 299
Columbus, Christopher, 183
commemorative toponyms, 113, 113t
commendatory toponyms, 113t
commercial agriculture, 217
commercialization process, 52
commercial strips, 51–52
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 269
communication media, 12, 15, 40, 306. See also Internet; social media
communication services, 253
communications barriers, 42
Comoros, national territory of, 152
concentric-zone model, 238, 317f, 317–318, 318m
confluence sites, 290, 290f, 291f
Confucianism, 188, 189, 191–192, 193
Congo, Democratic Republic of (DRC), 133, 134f, 152, 162
Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey, 184, 196, 314
consumer nationalism, 47
consumer services, 254–256, 255f, 255m
consumption
landscapes of, 51
mass, environmental impact of, 45–46
urbanization and, 292
contact conversion, 191
contagious diffusion, 10f, 11, 11m
containment policy, 167
convergence hypothesis, 47
354
Conzen, Michael P., 27
cool chains, 238
Coptic (Eastern) Christians, 108
Coptic Church, 184
core(s), of formal culture regions, 6
core area, 161
movement between periphery and, 162m, 162–165
core-periphery pattern, 6, 162
corn, as ethanol source, 236
Corn Belt, 220
Cornish people, in Wisconsin, 136, 136m
Cosgrove, Denis, 24, 27
cosmomagical cities, 283, 283f
Costa, Lúcio, 143
Costa Rica, 219f
cottage industry, 256
cotton textile, 256
country music, 36–37, 38m
Crabgrass Frontier (Jackson), 309
cremations, wood required for, 197, 197f
creole languages, 96
Croat(s), 171
Croatia, 133, 171
Cross, John, 235
crowding, 81–82
crude birthrate, 61, 61m
crude death rate, 63, 63m
Crutcher, Michael E., Jr., 328
Cuban-American immigrants, 136, 144
cult(s), 180
cultivation. See agriculture; entries beginning with term agricultural
cultural adaptation, 17
cultural diffusion, 10–16, 40–44. See also immigration; migration
advertising and, 42
agricultural. See agricultural diffusion
communications barriers and, 42
definition of, 10
economic. See industry and service diffusion
ethnicity and, 132–135
in folk culture, 40, 40m
globalization and, 13–16, 14m–15m, 16f
innovation acceptance and, 13
of language. See linguistic diffusion
political. See political diffusion
in popular culture, 40–44, 41f, 43m, 44m
religious. See religious diffusion
types of, 10f, 10–13, 11m
urban. See urban cultural diffusion
cultural ecology, 16–20, 44–46
agricultural. See agricultural ecology
definition of, 16
environmental perception and, 19f, 19–20
ethnicity and. See ethnic ecology
ethnomedicine and, 44–45, 45m
of folk culture, 44–45, 45m
humans-as-modifiers view and, 20, 20f
industrial-economic. See industrial-economic ecology
language and. See linguistic ecology
of music, 46–47
political. See political ecology
of popular culture, 45–46, 46f
population. See population ecology
possibilism and, 17, 18m, 19
religious. See religious ecology
of urban location. See urban ecology
Cultural Geographies, 27
cultural geography. See also
settlement landscapes
definition of, 2, 3
themes in, 4. See also cultural diffusion; cultural ecology; cultural interaction; cultural landscapes; culture regions
cultural interaction, 20–22, 46–48
agricultural. See agricultural cultural interaction
definition of, 20
ethnic. See ethnic cultural interaction
in folk culture, 46
globalization and, 46–48
humanistic geography and, 22
industrial-economic. See industrial-economic cultural interaction
with language. See cultural-linguistic interaction
place images and, 47–48
political. See political-cultural interaction
in popular culture, 46–48
population patterns and, 81–83
in religion, 197–203
social science (modernist) view of, 21f, 21–22
in urban geography. See urban cultural interaction
cultural landscapes, 22f–25f, 22–26, 48–54
agricultural component of. See agricultural landscapes
aspects of, 25f, 25–26, 26f
of consumption, 51
definition of, 22
demographic. See settlement landscapes
ethnic. See ethnic landscapes
folk, 48–51, 48f–51f
industrial-economic, 271–274, 271f–274f
linguistic. See linguistic landscapes
political. See political landscapes
popular, 51–54, 52f, 54f
religious. See religious landscapes
settlement. See settlement landscapes
urban. See urban cultural landscapes
cultural-linguistic interaction, 106–111
cultural survival and, 109–110, 110f, 110m
empire and, 108–109
religion and, 106, 108
technology and, 108, 108m, 109, 109f, 110–111
cultural maladaptation, 137
cultural preadaptation, 136m, 136–137
Cultural Revolution (China), 193
cultural simplification, 135
culture(s)
definition of, 2
ethnicity based on, 122
forces affecting, 3m, 3–4
population distribution and, 81–82
survival of, language and, 109–110, 110f, 110m
culture hearths, 190
shared by Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, 183–184, 186, 190–191, 192m
culture regions, 4–9, 32–39
agricultural. See agricultural regions
definition of, 4
demographic. See demographic regions
economic, 252–256, 253f, 254m, 255f, 255m
ethnic. See ethnic culture regions
folk, 32f, 32–33, 33f
formal, 4f, 4–6
functional, 6–8, 7f, 7m
linguistic. See linguistic culture regions
political. See political culture regions
popular, 33–37, 34f, 35m, 36m, 37f, 38m
religious, 181, 182m, 183m, 183–189
social, 302, 303, 303f, 304f
urban. See urban culture regions
vernacular, 8f, 8–9, 9f, 37, 39, 39m
Curran, Claude, 195
Cushite people, 98
cybergeography, 12–13
Czechia (Czech Republic), 171
Czech people, 128
Dacca, Bangladesh, 280t
dairying, 222
Dallas, Texas, 327
Daly City, California, 130t
Danbala, 180, 181
Danish Grundlovs Fest (Dannebrog, Nebraska), 119
Dannebrog, Nebraska, 119
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 224
Davis, Mike, 299, 326–327
death rates
crude, 63, 63m
demographic transition and, 65, 67, 67f, 68m, 69m
Deccan Plateau, 106
decentralization, urban, 307f, 307–310, 308f, 310f
decentralizing forces, 305
defensive sites, 289f, 289–290
deforestation
of Amazon, 292
of Haiti, 80, 81f
industrialization and, 261, 261f, 262m
deindustrialization, 258–259, 259m, 311
Delhi, India, 138f, 280t
Democratic Party candidates in United States, 159–161, 160m, 161m
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), 133, 134f, 152, 162
demographic divide, 67
demographic regions, 58–74
age distributions and, 67–70, 70f, 71f
demographic transition and, 65, 67, 67f, 68m, 69m
dependency ratio and, 73
formal, 60
gender and, 70–71
living standard and, 71–72, 73m
mortality and, 63m, 63–65, 64m
natality and, 61m, 61–63, 62m
natural decrease and, 72
population distribution and density and, 58m–59m, 59–60, 60t, 72t, 72–73
population doubling time and, 73–74
population explosion and, 65, 66f
population growth rate and, 73
demographic transition, 65, 67, 67f, 68m, 69m
demut, 31
Denmark, wind power in, 266
Denver, Colorado, 6f
dependency ratio, 73
depopulation, 88
Depp, Johnny, 53
descriptive toponyms, 113, 113t
Deseret, 126
desertification, 233–234, 234f, 235m
Detroit, Michigan, 130t, 317f
developed regions, 250, 280
355
developing regions, 250
globalizing cities in, 295–296
Kyoto Protocol and, 264
urbanization in, 279, 279f, 280
development
economic, 250–252, 251m, 252f
HDI and, 14–15, 14m–15m, 72, 250, 252f
stages of, 15
uneven, 15
Devi, 187
dharma, 187
Dharmic religions, 188
Dhofar people, 106
dialects, 95–96, 98–101, 99m, 100m
Diaspora, 183
Dicken, Peter, 270, 275
Dictionary of American Regional English web site, 116
Diesel, Rudolf, 236
diffusion
cultural. See cultural diffusion
of disease, 76–78, 77f, 78m, 79m
in population geography, 74–78
discrimination, racial, 122
disease
diffusion of, 76–78, 77f, 78m, 79m
HIV/AIDS, 64, 64m, 77, 79m
mad cow, 241–242, 242f
plagues, 76, 77f, 195, 196f
population ecology and, 79–80
dismal essay, 65, 66f
Disney World, 52
dispersed settlement form, 25, 25f
districts, urban, 323
dogtrot houses, 48f, 49, 49f
Doha, Qatar, 264
Dole, 219
Dome of the Rock, 208, 209f
domesticated animals, 228
domesticated plants, 227
Dominican Republic, 81f, 82
Domosh, Mona, 27, 90
Dongguan, China, 273f
double-cropping, 217
Dowling, Robyn, 328
downtowns, 302, 302f, 306, 308, 323–324
Drakakis-Smith, David, 280
Dravidian language family, 94m–95m, 103, 110
DRC (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 133, 134f, 152, 162
drift voyages, 102
drink, popular culture regions and, 35, 36m
Druids, 189f
Dublin, Ireland, 132
Duncan, James, 323
Duncan, Nancy, 323
dust domes, 315, 316m
Dutch Calvinist ethnic island, 140m, 140–141
dwellings. See houses and housing
Earickson, Robert J., 90
Early Detection and Distribution Mapping System (EDDMapS) web site, 246
early global encounters, 14
earthquakes
in Haiti, 19, 19f, 290, 292
in Japan, 19, 19f
East Africa, 98, 132, 223. See also specific countries
East Asia, 98, 188, 191–193, 193f, 223. See also specific countries
Easter Island, 98, 101
Eastern Christians, 184
Eastern Europe, 70, 132. See also Europe; specific countries
Eastern Orthodox Christianity, 184, 184f, 196, 205
East Indies, deforestation in, 261
East Los Angeles, California, 130t, 140, 179f
East Timor, 152
economic development, 250–252, 251m, 252f
Economic Geography, 275
economic geography, political imprint on, 172
economics, 249–274. See also entries beginning with terms economic and industrial
agriculture and, 236–237
cultural landscapes and, 271–274, 271f–274f
gentrification and, 310–311, 311f
population density and, 82
religion and, 197–198
urban centralization and, 305–306
urban decentralization and, 307–308
ecosystem, 16–17
ecotheology, 195–197, 197f
ecotourism, 266
Ecuador, 64–65
EDDMapS (Early Detection and Distribution Mapping System) web site, 246
Eden Shopping Center (Fairfax, Virginia), 313, 313f
edge(s), urban, 323
edge cities, 323–324
EEZs (exclusive economic zones), 226, 226m
Egypt
burial places in, 207, 207f
folk fortresses of, 166
legal code in, 200
population density of, 72t
urbanization in, 281
writing in, 108
electoral geography, 158–159, 159m, 160m
women’s suffrage and, 163, 164m
elevation, population ecology and, 79
Eliade, Mircea, 209
elitist landscapes, 53f, 53–54, 54f
El Salvador, refugees from, 133
emerging industries, protection of, 269
emerging markets, 268
Emirates Palace Hotel (Abu Dhabi, UAE), 53f
emoticons, 111
employment, ethnicity and, 141m, 141–142
EMRs (extended metropolitan regions), 295–296
enclaves, 152, 153m
endangered languages, 109–110, 110f, 110m
Enduring Voices web site, 116
energy
biofuels and, 236
consumption in developed vs. developing world, 280
nuclear, 19, 172, 265, 265m
wind, 266
Engels, Friedrich, 65, 66f
England. See also Great Britain; United Kingdom
border with Scotland, 174
coalfields of, population of, 80
deindustrialization in, 259
industrial revolution in, 256
mill towns in, 272
rural settlement patterns in, 85
English language, 97, 97t, 104t, 109f
dialects of, 99–100, 100m
diffusion of, 101, 108–109
in Ireland, 112
as language of globalization, 104
as lingua franca, 96, 108–109
predominance on Internet, 109, 109f
slang words in, 100–101
texting and, 111
English people, in Wisconsin, 136, 136m
Ensminger, Robert F., 55
environmental alteration, population density and, 80, 81f
environmental destruction
caused by warfare, 167–168, 168f
in Haiti, 80, 81f
swidden cultivation and, 216
environmental determinism, 17
environmental perception, 19, 80
environmental quality, in cities, 280
environmental racism, 138f, 138m, 138–139
environmental sustainability, 266, 266m
Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI), 266, 266m
Environment and Urbanization, 300
EPZs (export processing zones), 270, 270f, 270m, 295–296
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 163, 164m
ERA (Equal Rights Amendment), 163, 164m
ESI (Environmental Sustainability Index), 266, 266m
Eskimo people, 78
Esposito, John, 210
An Essay on the Principle of Population (Malthus), 65, 66f
Estaville, Lawrence E., Jr., 147
Estonia, 70, 135, 170
ethanol, 35, 36m, 236
Ethiopia, 106–107, 163, 165
Ethiopian-Americans, 143f, 143–144
ethnic cleansing, 82, 133
ethnic cultural interaction, 139m, 139–142
business activity and, 140m, 140–141
employment type and, 141m, 141–142
ethnic culture regions, 124m, 124–132, 302–303
ethnic homelands and ethnic islands as, 124–127, 125m, 126m
ethnic neighborhoods and ghettos as, 127f, 127m, 127–129, 128f, 129m
recent shifts in, 129m–131m, 129–132, 130t, 131t, 132f
ethnic ecology, 135–139
cultural preadaptation and, 136m, 136–137
environmental racism and, 138f, 138m, 138–139
habitat and preservation of difference and, 137m, 137–138
ethnic flags, 142, 142f
ethnic geography, 123–124
Ethnic Geography Specialty Group web site, 146
ethnic groups, 122–124, 135. See also specific groups
ethnic homelands, 124–127, 125m, 126m
ethnic islands, 125, 127, 136, 136m
business activity and, 140m, 140–141
ethnicity
cultural simplification and isolation and, 135
definition of, 121
identification of, 130
migration and, 132–135, 133m, 134f, 134m
ethnic landscapes, 142f, 142–146
culinary, 145f, 145–146, 146m
re-creation of, 144f, 144–145
356
urban, 142f, 142–144, 143f
ethnic neighborhoods, 127, 128f, 128–129, 129m
new, immigrant, 312–314, 313f, 313m
ethnic religions, 180. See also Judaism
ethnic separatism, 154, 169–170, 170m, 171m, 171–172
ethnic substrates, 126m, 126–127
ethnoburbs, 129, 129m, 313
ethnographic boundaries, 153
Ethnologue, 109–110
web site of, 116
ethnomedicine, 44–45, 45m
Etruscan people, 126
EU. See European Union (EU)
Eurasia. See also Asia; Europe; specific countries
agriculture in, 222–223
climate of, 78
heartland theory and, 166–167, 167m
population density of, 59, 60
population ecology in, 79
Europe. See also Eastern Europe; Western Europe; specific countries
agriculture in, 213, 218, 222, 244, 244f
Black Death in, 76
coalfields of, population of, 80
deindustrialization in, 259, 259m
electoral geography of, 158, 159m
environmental sustainability in, 266
flooding in, 290
forests of, clearing of, 234, 234f
formal culture regions of, 5, 5m
immigration to U.S. from, 312
industrial revolution in, 257, 258
languages spoken in, 97
North American immigrants from, 128
producer services in, 254
railroads in, 257m
religion in, 191, 192m, 203, 203m
rural settlement patterns in, 84, 85, 85f, 86
states in, 151
total fertility rate in, 62
urbanization in, 278–279, 280, 292
European Union (EU), 155, 157m
agriculture in, 221
beef demand in, 242
death rate in, 65
as free-trade bloc, 268
web site of, 176
evangelical churches, 201, 201f
Evans, E. Estyn, 48
Ewald, Ursula, 239
exclaves, 152, 153m
exclusive economic zones (EEZs), 226, 226m
expansion diffusion, 10f, 10–12, 13m
of disease, 76
of languages, 101
of religion, 190–191
exploration, agricultural diffusion and, 228–230, 229f, 230m, 231m
export processing zones (EPZs), 270, 270f, 270m, 295–296
extended metropolitan regions (EMRs), 295–296
extensive agriculture, 215
extinct languages, 109–110, 110f, 110m
factory buildings, 272, 272f, 273f
famine, 239m, 239–240
Faneuil Hall (Boston, Massachusetts), 326, 326f
FAO (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization) web site, 246
FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia), 88
Fargo, North Dakota, 130t
farming. See agriculture; entries beginning with term agricultural
farmsteads, 84, 84f, 86, 86f
farm subsidies, 269
farm villages, 84f, 84–86, 85f, 281
farm workers’ toxic exposures, 138–139
Farsi language, 108
fast food, 36, 38m
Federal Housing Administration (FHA), 309
federalism, 172
Federal Road Act of 1916, 308
federal states, 154
feedlots, 220
fencing, 244, 245f
feng shui, 195
Ferndale, California, 322f
Fertile Crescent, 228
fertility rate, total, 61–63, 62m, 65, 66f
festival settings, 326, 326f
FHA (Federal Housing Administration), 309
Fiat, 260m
field pattern, 242
Fiji, 108
Finland, 76f, 169
Finnish-Americans, 136, 136m
Finnish language, 98
fire ants, diffusion of, 230, 230m
fishing, excessive, 261–262
fishing villages, 271–272, 272f
Five Pillars of Islam, 186, 200
flooding, cities and, 290, 315
Florida, 106, 130, 136, 141–142, 274f, 312
folk, 30–31
folk architecture, 48f, 48–49
folk cultures, 30m, 30–31, 218
cultural interaction in, 46
cultural landscapes of, 48–51, 48f–51f
culture regions and, 32f, 32–33, 33f
definition of, 31
diffusion in, 40, 40m
ecology of, 44–45, 45m
folk fortresses, 166, 166m
folk geography, 31
folk islands. See ethnic islands
folk medicine, ecology and, 44–45, 45m
food
ethnic culinary landscapes and, 145f, 145–146, 146m
folk culture regions and, 33
popular culture regions and, 35–36, 37f, 38m
vulnerability of food system and, 240–242, 242f
world supply of, 239m, 239–242, 242f
Food: Past and Present web site, 146
Food First web site, 246
foodways, 145f, 145–146, 146m
Foote, Kenneth E., 27
footloose industries, 267
Forbidden City (Beijing, China), 283
forced migrants, 74–75. See also involuntary migration
Forced Migration Online web site, 176
Ford, Henry, 236
Ford, Larry, 328
Ford Motor Company, 260m
formal culture regions, 4f, 4–6
formal demographic regions, 60
Formosan language, 135
fragmented farms, 242–243, 243m
France
folk fortresses of, 166, 166m
hedging in, 244
immigrants to, 132
imperialism of, 108, 108m, 163, 169
industry in, 260m, 260t
Jews in, 183
national territory of, 152, 153m, 161
nuclear energy in, 172
population growth in, 81
religion in, 203
territorial structure of, 154
Francis of Assisi, Saint, 196
Franglais (Franglish), 101
Frankfurt, Germany, 290
free-trade blocs, 268
Freidberg, Susanne, 224
Fremont, California, 130t
French-Canadians, 48f, 49, 126, 128
French language, 104, 104t, 108–109, 109f
French Riviera, 53
fuels, green, 236
Fuji, Mount, 195
Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant accident, 19, 265
functional culture regions, 6–8, 7f, 7m
functional zonation, 321
fundamentalism, 181
Gabarone, Botswana, 287
Gabriel (Jibrail), angel, 186
Gade, Daniel, 53
Gaeilge language, 112
Gaeltachts, 112
galactic cities, 323–324
Gale, Fay, 2
Gambella relocation, 165
Gambia, The, 152, 153m
Ganesha, 187, 187f
Ganges River, 194, 200
gang-related graffiti, 112, 112f
Gaobu Town, China, 249f
garment industry, in China, 261
Garreau, Joel, 323–324
gated communities, 326, 327f
gateway cities, 130t, 130–131
gays, gentrification and, 312
GDP (gross domestic product), 250, 251m
Geechee people, 106, 137–138
gender, 87–88. See also sex ratio
Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 90
gender roles, 70–71
General Motors Company, 260m
generic toponyms, U.S., 114–115
genetically modified (GM) crops, 240, 241m
genocide, Rwandan, 167–168, 168f, 170
Genographic Project, 132–133
gentleman farms, 54, 54f
gentrification, 310–312, 311f
geodemography. See population geography
Geoforum, 275
geography, definition of, 2
geomancy, 195
geometric boundaries, 153
Geopolitics, 176
geopolitics, 166
Georgia, 106
157
German-Americans, 122, 141
German Heritage Days (McCook, Nebraska), 119
Germanic languages, 94m–95m, 96f, 97
German language, 97t, 104, 104t, 108, 109f, 135
Germany
acid rain in, 262–263
agriculture in, 244f
functional culture regions in, 7m, 7–8
highway system in, 174
immigrants to, 76f, 132
industry in, 257, 260m, 260t
Jews in, 183
as nation-state, 169
North American immigrants from, 128
nuclear energy in, 172
Polish deportation to, 134
population growth in, 81
potash mining in, 271f
rail network in, 174
reunification of, 154, 154f
territorial structure of, 154
wind power in, 266
gerrymandering, 159, 160m
Ghana, 16f
ghettos, 127f, 127–128
Gibbs, David, 299–300
GI Bill, 309
Gibson, Mel, 53
Gilbert, Emily, 320
glaciers, shrinking of, 263
Glasmeier, Amy, 267
Glassie, Henry, 55
Glenmary Research Center web site, 210
global cities, 286
global climate change, 232, 263–264, 290, 291m, 292
globalization
of cities, 286–287, 287m
cultural change and, 270–271
cultural diffusion and, 13–16, 14m–16m, 16f
definition of, 13
homogenization by, 47
language and, 104
religion and, 201–203, 202m, 203m
Globalization and World Cities web site, 299
globalizing cities, 287, 295–296
Global Policy Forum web site, 275
global warming, 20, 263
GM (genetically modified) crops, 240, 241m
Godfrey, Brian, 47–48
Gordon, Eric, 12
Gottlieb, Roger S., 210
Gottmann, Jean, 323
Goudie, Andrew, 27
governmental policies
decentralization and suburbanization and, 308–309
economics and, 268–270, 270f, 270m
gentrification and, 312
population geography and, 82
Graff, Thomas, 42
graffiti, gang-related, 112, 112f
grain farming, 217–218, 218f, 221f, 221–222, 222f, 231
Granite Falls, Washington, 193f
gravestone art, 32–33
Gray Power, 34, 35, 35m
Great Britain. See also England; Scotland; United Kingdom; Wales
age distribution in, 69
hedging in, 244
imperialism of, 108, 108m
industrial landscapes in, 273, 273f
industry in, 256–257, 267
mad cow disease in, 241–242, 242f
Great Chicago Fire, 317
Great Lakes, 290
Great Leap Forward, 240
Great Mosque (Touba, Senegal), 199f
Great Plains (United States), 195, 234–235
Great Salt Lake, 271f
Great Wall of China, 174, 174f
Greece, 76f, 169
Greek Festival (Bridgeport, Nebraska), 119
Greek Orthodox Church, 184, 184f, 209–210
Greek people, 128, 143, 143f
Green(s), 266
greenbelts, 323–324
green fuels, 236
greenhouse effect, 263–264
greenhouse gases, 20
Greenland, Petermann Glacier in, 263
Greenpeace, 266
green revolution, 229–230
green villages, 84f, 85
Grigg, David B., 246
Gritzner, Charles F., 55
gross domestic product (GDP), 250, 251m
gross value added (GVA), 259–260
groundwater, depletion of, 232
Group Areas Act (South Africa), 297
Guangzhou, China, 280t
guaranteed minimum prices, 269
Guatemala, 68, 73, 133
guild industry, 256
Gullah people, 106, 137–138
Gumilev, Leo, 3
Guthman, Julie, 235
GVA (gross value added), 259–260
habitats
modification of, religion and, 195–197, 197f
preservation of difference and, 137m, 137–138
Hadrian’s Wall, 174
Hägerstrand, Torsten, 10, 13
Haiti
earthquake in, 19, 19f, 290, 292
environmental destruction in, 80, 81f
religion in, 180, 181f
restriction of migration from, 82
Hall, Colin M., 275
Halvorson, Peter L., 210
Hamitic languages, 94m–95m, 98, 106
hamlets, 242, 293
Han Chinese people, 97, 122, 123m, 135
Hanoi, North Vietnam, 295, 296
Hanson, Susan, 320
Harney Basin, Oregon, 33f
Harries, Keith, 140
Harrington, James W., 275
Harris, Chauncey, 319–320, 323–324
Harris, Cole, 135
Harvard University, 254
Harvey, David, 275, 328
Hawaii, 48, 98, 101, 130, 130t
Hayden, Dolores, 328
hazardscapes, 265
HDI (Human Development Index), 14–15, 14m–15m, 72, 250, 252f
heartland, 166
heartland theory, 166–167, 167m
heat islands, 314, 315f
Hebrew language, 98, 106, 108
Hecock, Richard, 52
hedging, 244
Henderson, Martha L., 146
Herb, Guntram H., 176
Herman, R. D. K., 115
Hialeah, Florida, 130, 130t
hierarchical diffusion, 10f, 10–11, 11m
religious spread by, 190–191, 192m
hierophany, 209
high-tech corridors, 254, 274, 274f, 325
highway systems, central authority and, 174
Himalayan Mountains, 106
Hinduism, 180, 186–187, 187f, 188f
cremation and, 197, 197f, 207
divisions in, 187
ecotheology and, 196
origin and diffusion of, 190m, 191
orthodox, 181
as parent of Buddhism, 187
pilgrimages and, 199, 200
sacred spaces of, 194
temples of, 204f, 204–205, 205f
yoga and meditation and, 201
Hindu language, 97t
hinterland, 294
hip-hop music, 46–47
Hippocrates, 76
Hispanic-Americans, 129m, 129–130, 130t, 138, 140
Hispaniola. See Dominican Republic; Haiti
Hispano homeland, 125–126
Hitchcock, Susan Tyler, 210
Hitler, Adolf, 174
HIV/AIDS, 64, 64m, 77, 79m
Hobbs, Joseph, 208
hogan, 51f
Holland. See Netherlands
Holloway, Sarah, 12
Holocaust, 183
homelands
ethnic, 124–127, 125m, 126m
return migration to, 135
homelessness, 304–305, 305m
Honda Motor Company, 260m
Hong Kong, 195, 196f, 306
Filipina migration to, 87
as international city, 286
population density of, 72t
return to China, 131
Honolulu, Hawaii, 130t
Hopkins, Jeffrey, 52, 324
Horvath, Ronald, 239
houses and housing
folk culture regions and, 33, 33f
gated communities and, 326, 327f
governmental policies and, 309
log, 26
master-planned communities and, 325–326
in North America, 48f–51f, 49
public, 309
size of, 80
in sub-Saharan Africa, 50–51, 51f
as symbolic landscape, 24–25, 25f
of worship, 203–206, 204f–206f
Houston, Texas, 327
Hoyt, Homer, 318–319
HPI (Human Poverty Index), 72
Huang, Yefang, 286
Huang Ho (Yellow) River valley, 282
Hugill, Peter J., 27
Human Development Index (HDI), 14–15, 14m–15m, 72, 250, 252f
humanistic geography, 22
Human Poverty Index (HPI), 72
Hungarian language, 98
hunger, worldwide, 239m, 239–240
hunting and gathering, 226, 281
hurricane(s), cities and, 290
Hurricane Katrina, 19
Hutu people, 133, 134f
hybrid seeds, 230
hydraulic civilization model, 281
Hyundai Kia Automotive Group, 260m
I Am religion, 195
Iceland, 59, 72t, 86f, 132
Icelanders, in Wisconsin, 136, 136m
Ichkeria (Chechnya), 172
Illinois, 266, 312
immigration. See also specific groups and countries
employment type and, 141, 141m
ethnic neighborhoods and, 312–314, 313f, 313m
immigrant vs. indigenous groups and, 122–123
laws governing, 129
to Nebraska, 119–120, 120f
to North America, 121t, 129m–131m, 129–132, 130t
undocumented, 129
to U.S., origins of, 120, 120f
U.S. urban residential areas and, 303
to western Europe, 132
imperialism. See also colonialism
cities and, 285, 285m
language and, 108m, 108–109
import duties, 269
incident related toponyms, 113t
independent invention, 10
India
agriculture in, 223f, 230
burial places and, 207, 207f
cholera in, 77
division from Pakistan, 153
emerging markets in, 268
environmental sustainability in, 266
film industry of, 40–41, 41f
industry in, 259, 260t
Kyoto Protocol and, 264
languages spoken in, 97, 104, 110
linguistic migration in, 106
multiethnicity of, 169
North American immigrants from, 130
population of, 59, 60t, 73
producer services in, 253
religion in, 186, 196, 197, 197f
resource consumption by, 80
rural settlement patterns in, 84, 86
sacred cows in, 198
toponyms in, 115, 115m
urbanization in, 279
Indian Ocean, 106
Indic languages, 94m–95m, 96f, 97
indigenous groups, 122–123
Indo-European language family, 94m–95m, 97, 97t, 101, 102m, 103, 106, 107m, 108, 108m
Indonesia
blowgun invention on, 43
immigration to, 75, 132
industry in, 260t
Islam in, 186, 191
languages spoken in, 98, 101
legal code in, 200
national territory of, 152, 153m
population of, 60t
tsunami in, 290
Indus-Ganges hearth, 191
Indus River valley, 282, 285
industrial and service regions, 252–256, 253f, 254m, 255f, 255m
industrial-economic cultural interaction, 267–271
industrialization, globalization, and cultural change and, 270–271
labor supply and, 267, 268f
markets and, 267–268, 268m
politics and, 268–270, 270f, 270m
industrial-economic ecology, 261–266
acid rain and, 262–263, 263m
environmental sustainability and, 266, 266m
global climate change and, 232, 263–264
ozone depletion and, 264
radioactive pollution and, 264–265, 265m
renewable resource crises and, 261f, 261–262, 262m
industrial-economic landscapes, 271–274, 271f–274f
industrialization, 250
cultural change and, 270–271
demographic transition and, 65, 67, 67f, 68m, 69m
population density and, 82
industrial parks, 308
industrial revolution, 256–257, 257m, 258m
industry(ies)
infant, protection of, 269
labor-intensive, 267
primary, 252, 253f
secondary, 252, 254m
industry and service diffusion, 256–261
industrial revolution and, 256–257, 257m, 258m
locational shifts of secondary industry and deindustrialization and, 258–261, 259m, 260m, 260t
Indus Valley, cities of, 283
infant industries, protection of, 269
infant mortality rate, 71–72, 73m
in-filling, 310
innovation, 10
intensive agriculture, 214–215
Inter-American Development Bank web site, 275
intercropping, 216
intergovernmental organizations, 155, 156m, 156–157, 157m, 158t
internally displaced persons (IDPs), 88, 134, 134f
International Boundary News Archive web site, 176
international cities, 286, 287m
International Food Policy Research Institute web site, 246
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 300
international organizations, 155–157, 156m, 157m, 158t
Internet
Arab Spring and, 164
cultural diffusion and, 12–13, 15
language and, 108, 109, 109f, 110–111
Occupy Wall Street movement and, 165
religion on, 201
interracial marriage, 122
Interstate Highway Act of 1956, 308–309
intertillage, 216
Inuit people, 4f, 78, 172, 226
Inuktitut language, 94m–95m, 106, 110
involuntary migration, 82, 133–134, 134f, 134m
Iowa, wind power in, 266
Iquitos, Peru, 290
Iran, 12, 42, 108, 134, 134m, 200
Iranic languages, 94m–95m, 96f, 97
Iraq, 98, 108, 281, 282–283
Ireland, 81, 112, 128, 172, 239–240, 244
Irish-Americans, employment type of, 141
Irish language, 112
Irish people, color and, 143
Iron Curtain, 154
irrigation, 218, 232, 233f, 281
Ise, Japan, 200
Islam, 186, 186f. See also Muslims
burial places and, 207, 207f
culture hearth shared with Christianity and Judaism, 183–184, 186, 190–191, 192m
diffusion of, 191
divisions in, 186
Dome of the Rock and, 208, 209f
mosques of, 204, 206, 206f
origin and diffusion of, 190m
orthodox, 181
pilgrimages and, 199, 200
pork taboo in, 197
sharia and, 186, 200
water in, 206–207
Islamic fundamentalist regime of Iran, 42
islands, preservation of difference and, 137–138
isoglosses, 99, 99m
isolated farmsteads, 84f, 86, 86f
Israel, 98, 106, 108, 149f, 183
Istanbul (Constantinople), Turkey, 184, 196, 314
Itaim Paulista, Brazil, 291f
Italian-Americans, 128, 141, 141m
Italy
age distribution in, 68
immigrants in, 76f
industry in, 260m, 260t
North American immigrants from, 128, 141, 141m
personal space in, 81
population growth in, 81
total fertility rate in, 68
Jackson, Kenneth, 309
Jackson, Mississippi, 130t
Jackson, Peter, 47
Jainism, 187, 188, 196, 200
Jakarta, Indonesia, 280t, 287
Jakle, John, 51–52
Jamestown, Virginia, 53
Japan
beef demand in, 242
flag of, 175
Fukushima nuclear accident and, 19, 265
funding for Hanoi from, 296
immigrants from, 130, 132
immigration to, 76f, 87–88
industrial revolution in, 257, 258
industry in, 260, 260m, 260t, 267
Kyoto Protocol and, 264
as nation-state, 169
paddy rice farming in, 217
population of, 60t, 72t
religion in, 188, 191, 193
rural settlement patterns in, 84, 86
359
2011 earthquake and tsunami in, 19, 19f
urbanization in, 292
Japanese and Korean language family, 94m–95m, 97t, 98
Japanese language, 97t, 109f
Jarmo, Iraq, 281
Jefferson, Thomas, 173
Jersey City, New Jersey, 323
Jesus, 184
Jeter, Helen Rankin, 321
Jett, Stephen, 43, 113
Jews. See also Judaism
employment type of, 141
as ethnic group, 122
forced migration of, 74–75
Hebrew language and, 98, 106, 108
as North American immigrants, 128
orthodox, in Miami, 127
as urban ethnic group, 128
Johannessen, Carl, 227
Johnson, James, 135
Johnson, Steven, 90
Jones, Steve, 12
Jordan, Terry G., 55, 146
Jordan River, 194, 194f
Journal of Agrarian Change, 247
Journal of Cultural Geography, 27
Journal of Economic Geography, 275
Journal of Popular Culture, 55
Journal of Rural Studies, 247
Journal of Transport Geography, 275
Judaism, 183. See also Jews
culture hearth shared with Christianity and Islam, 183–184, 186, 190–191, 192m
orthodox, 181
pork taboo in, 197
synagogues of, 204
water in, 206, 207
Western Wall and, 208, 209f
Judeo-Christian tradition, 184, 195–196, 196f
Kalahari Desert, 110
Kalingrad District, 152, 153m
kami, 189
Kampala, Uganda, 224
Kaplan, David H., 176
Karachi, Pakistan, 280t
karma, 187
Kashmir Valley, India, 223f
Kaups, Matti E., 146
Kay, Jeanne, 46
Kazakhstan, 232
Keil, Roger, 299
Kentucky Bluegrass Basin, 54, 54f
Kentucky Fried Chicken, 36
Kenya, 174
Khoisan language, 94m–95m, 106, 110
Kilpinen, Jon T., 55
King, Anthony D., 299
kingship, urbanization and, 282
Kniffen, Fred, 40
Knopp, Lawrence, 312
Kolkata (Calcutta), India, 77, 279f, 280t, 286
Kong Fu-tzu, 189, 191–192
Koran (Qur’an), 108, 186
Korea, 108, 112f, 191, 193, 217, 229f, 260t. See also South Korea
Korean language, 104t, 109f, 111
kraals, 50–51, 51f
Krakow, Poland, 299
Krishna, 198
Krueger, Rod, 299–300
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 172, 296f, 302, 324
Kurath, Hans, 116
Kurdish language, 111
Kurdistan, 171, 171m
Kurgan hypothesis, 101
Kuwait, 72t
Kyoto Protocol, 264
labor-intensive industries, 267
labor supply, 267, 268f
Lakota Sioux, 175, 175f
Lamaism, 188
land-division patterns, 25–26
landmarks, urban, 323
landscapes. See also cultural landscapes
as clue to culture, 23, 23f
land-survey system, 172, 172f
land-use intensity, 233
Lang, Tim, 246
Langkawi Island, Malaysia, 224f
language(s), 93–116. See also entries beginning with term linguistic; specific languages
competing core areas and, 162
creole, 96
cultural interaction with. See cultural-linguistic interaction
definition of, 93
endangered or extinct, 109–110, 110f, 110m
environmental influences on, 94, 105–106
ethnicity based on, 122
first, rise of, 103–104
lingua franca, 96, 108–109
pidgin, 96
remnant, 110, 110m
written, invention of, 108
language families, 96f, 97–98. See also specific language families
language hotspots, 110, 110m
Language Log web site, 116
Lao Tzu, 191
Lapp people, 78
Laredo, Texas, 130t
Las Vegas, Nevada, 130, 292, 292f
lateral commuting, 308
Latin America. See also South America; specific countries
age distributions in, 67, 68
agriculture in, 218, 219, 224
Christianity in, 191
export processing zones in, 270, 270f, 270m
food folk culture of, 33
languages spoken in, 99, 99m
model for cities in, 21f, 22
North American immigrants from, 129, 129m, 130t, 312
religion in, 180, 193, 200–201
religious place names in, 210
rural settlement patterns in, 84, 85
urbanization in, 278, 280, 286
urban landscapes of, 296–297
Latin language, 101, 108
Latvians, return migration of, 135
Lauria, Mickey, 312
Lebanon, 132, 183m, 200
Lees, Loretta, 328
legal codes, 172f, 172–173, 173f, 200
Legates, Richard T., 300
legibility, of cities, 323
leisure landscapes, 52–53
Lemurians, 195
lesbians, gentrification and, 312
Lesotho, 152, 153m
Leung, Yee, 286
Levison, Michael, 102–103
Levittown: Documents of an Ideal American Suburb web site, 328
Lewis, Pierce, 23
Li, Wei, 313
Liberia, independence of, 163
Libya, 200, 234
lifestyle clusters, 34–35, 35m
lingua franca, 96, 108–109
linguistic boundaries, 98–101, 99m, 100m
linguistic culture regions, 94m–95m, 95–101
bilingualism and, 96–97
boundaries of languages and, 98–101, 99m, 100m
dialects and, 95–96, 98–101, 99m, 100m
language families and, 96f, 97–98
lingua franca and, 96
pidgin languages and, 96
linguistic diffusion, 101–104, 102m
Austronesian, 101–103, 103m
expansion, 101
Indo-European, 101
language proliferation and, 103–104, 104t
relocation, 101–103, 102m, 103m
linguistic ecology, 94, 105–106
linguistic borders and, 106
linguistic refuge areas and, 106, 107m
shaping of language and, 106
vocabulary and, 105, 105f, 105t
linguistic family tree, 96f, 97
linguistic landscapes, 111f, 111–116, 112f
messages sent by, 111–112, 112f
toponyms and, 112–116
linguistic refuge areas, 106, 107m
Lipset, Seymour Martin, 171
Lithuanians, return migration of, 135
livestock
mad cow disease and, 241–242, 242f
nomadic herding of, 222–223, 223f
peasant farming of, 217–218, 218f, 231
ranching of, 223–224
livestock feeding, 220, 220m
living standards, 71–72, 73m, 250
local consumption cultures, 47
Lodrick, Deryck, 196
London Bridge, 290
London, England, 77f, 280, 286, 287, 290
Long Island, New York, 54
long-lot farms, 84f, 244, 244f
loose irregular villages, 84f
Los Altos de Cazucá, Colombia, 88f
Los Angeles, California. See also East Los
Angeles, California; South Los Angeles, California
ethnic groups in, 128f, 140
homeless services in, 305m
industrial landscape of, 274
militarization of, 327
population of, 130, 130t, 280t
Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, 53
Louisiana, 136, 185, 244
Lourdes, France, grotto, 199f, 200
Lowell, Massachusetts, 272f, 272–273
Lowenthal, David, 54
Luther, Martin, 108
Lutheran(s), 201
Lutheranism, 185
Lynch, Kevin, 323
360
Mackinder, Halford, 166–167
Madagascar, 98, 101, 108
mad cow disease, 241–242, 242f
Mahayana Buddhism, 188
Malay-Indonesian language family, 98
Malay Peninsula, 101
Malaysia, 132, 193, 296
Malthusians, 65, 66f
Malthus, Thomas, 65, 66f, 239
Manchuria, 108
Mandarin Chinese language, 97
manifest destiny doctrine, 166
Manila, Philippines, 279f, 280t, 295
manufactured toponyms, 113t, 113–114
manufacturing, 252, 254m. See also industry(ies);
entries beginning with term industrial
industrial revolution and, 256–257
Maori people, 115–116, 195, 205, 206f
Mao Zedong, 82
maps, culture regions and, 4
maquiladoras, 270f, 273
marae, 205, 206f
marchlands, 152
mariculture, 224, 224f, 225m, 225–226, 226m
market(s), 267–268, 269m
central places and, 293–294, 294f
emerging, 268
market gardening, 220
market villages, 293
Maronites, 184
Marsh, Ben, 36
Marshall, Richard, 328
Marx, Karl, 65, 66f
Masada, Israel, 175
Massachusetts, 272f
mass culture, 32
master-planned communities, 325–326
material culture, 30, 32f, 32–33, 33f
Material Culture: Journal of the Pioneer America Society, 55
Material History of American Religion Project web site, 210
Mathewson, Kent, 27
Mattson, Richard, 51–52
Matwijiw, Peter, 127
Mauritania, 68
Mayan villages, 86–87, 87f
McCook, Nebraska, 119
McDonald’s, 34, 36, 41, 41f, 299
McDowell, Linda, 275
McKee, Jesse O., 146
Mead, Lake, 232
Meade, Melinda S., 90
Mecca, Saudi Arabia, 186, 186f, 200, 200f
mechanistic view of nature, 20
medical geography, 76–78, 77f, 78m, 79m
medicine, 44–45, 45m
Medina, Saudi Arabia, 200
meditation, 201
Mediterranean Riviera, 8, 9f
megacities, 279–280, 280t
megalopolis, 323
Meinig, D. W., 322–323
Mennonite(s), houses of worship of, 204
Mennonite faith, 31
Mesoamerica, 228, 281, 282, 283–284, 284f, 285. See also specific countries
Mesopotamia, 281, 282–283, 284m, 285
metes and bounds surveying, 244, 245f
Methodism, 185
Metro Dade Cultural Center (Miami, Florida), 327f
metropolitan areas, borders of, 7, 7f
metropolitan statistical areas, 278
Mexican-Americans, 123, 128, 140, 141, 141m, 142, 142f
Mexican cooking, 145–146, 146m
Mexico
bilingualism in, 97
border with United States, 149f, 172f
ethnic flag in, 142f
export processing zones in, 270, 270f, 270m
fencing in, 244
food folk culture of, 33
industrial landscapes in, 273
industry in, 259, 260t
linguistic refuge area in, 106
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) and, 157, 158t, 268
North American immigrants from, 129
Mexico City, Mexico, 279, 280, 280t, 289, 295, 296, 296f
Miami, Florida, 93f, 312–313, 326, 327, 327f
Miami Gardens, Florida, 130t
Michigan, 140m, 140–141
Middle America, Main Street of, 322, 322f
Middle East. See also specific countries
agriculture in, 218, 223
death rates in, 64
industry in, 259
Jews in, 183
Nostratic language in, 103–104
political activism in, 164
religion in, 203
rural settlement patterns in, 84
Semitic religious hearth in, 190–191, 192m
urbanization in, 281
western European immigrants from, 132
Middleton, Nick, 246
Midwest, 39, 39m, 126m, 126–127, 185, 220, 231m. See also specific states
migration, 74–76. See also immigration; specific groups
agricultural diffusion and, 229
agricultural revolution and, 74
chain, 133, 133m, 135
cultural differences in, 81
cultural diffusion by, 13
decision to move and, 74–76, 75m, 76f
definition of, 13
ethnicity and, 132–135, 133m, 134f, 134m
involuntary, 82, 133–134, 134f, 134m
medical geography and, 76–78, 77f, 78m, 79m
political, 165
population change and, 60
rates of, 75–76, 76f
return, 135
rural-to-urban, 286
urbanization and, 76, 279
mikveh, 207
militarized space, 326–327, 327f
Miller, Mark J., 90
Millstone, Nick, 246
mill towns, 272, 272f
minarets, 206
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, 290
Minnesota, 185, 266
missionaries, 191, 194, 197, 229
Mississippi River, 290
mistaken toponyms, 113t
mistletoe, 189f
MIT, 254
Mitchell, Don, 27
Miyares, Ines M., 146–147
Mizrachim, 183
models, 21f, 21–22
Mogadishu, Somalia, 240
Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan, 283
Mohl, Raymond, 321
moksha, 187
Monaco, 9f
Mongol(s), nomadic herding by, 223
Mongolia, 108, 152, 188, 191
Mongolic language, 98
monoculture, 240
monotheistic religions, 180. See also Christianity; Islam; Judaism
Montana, 222f
Montréal, Québec, 23, 23f, 289
Montréal Protocol, 264
Mont St. Michel, France, 289f
Moorish culture, 115, 116m
Morinis, Alan, 210
Mormonism, 180, 185
Mormon(s), 33, 126, 201
mortality
geography of, 63m, 63–65, 64m
infant rate of, 71–72, 73m
Moscow, Russia, 41f, 280t, 298f, 298–299, 306
Moseley, Christopher, 116
mountain gorilla, 168, 168f
mountains. See also specific mountain ranges
linguistic ecology and, 106, 107m
Mugabe, Robert, 240
Muhammad, 186, 200, 206, 208, 209f
multiple-nuclei model, 319f, 319–320
Mumbai (Bombay), India, 280t, 286, 293
Mumford, Louis, 282
murals, Mexican-American, 142, 142f
Murphey, Rhoads, 234
music
barriers to cultural diffusion of, 42
cultural interaction and, 46–47
culture regions and, 36–37, 38m
Muslims, 143, 186, 314, 314f. See also Islam
Myanmar (Burma), 229
mystical places, 209
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 157, 158t, 268
Nandi, 198
Nanjing, China, 175, 175f
natality patterns, 61m, 61–63, 62m
nation(s). See state(s) (nations); specific nations
National Czech Festival (Wilber, Nebraska), 119
nationalism, 152, 155
National Party (South Africa), 297
national sacrifice areas, 265
national territory, distribution of, 152, 153m
nation-states, 168–169, 169m
Native Americans. See also Alaska Natives;
Eskimo people; Inuit people; specific tribes
center of plant domestication and, 228
Christianity among, 193
forced migration of, 74
languages spoken by, 94m–95m, 109, 110
Mount Rushmore and, 175, 175f
reservations and, 138, 154–155
resistance to urbanization, 285
self-rule privileges extended to, 172
in U.S. population, 131m, 132
361
as urban ethnic group, 128
Native American toponyms, 115
natural boundaries, 153
natural decrease, 72
natural disasters, 290, 291f, 292. See also earthquakes; hurricane(s); tsunamis
natural hazards, 19f, 19–20
Nature Conservancy, 266
Navajo people, 51f, 122–123
Navajo reservation homeland, 126
navigated voyages, 102
Nazareth, Israel, 98f
Nazi regime, Jews under, 183
Ndebele houses, 50–51, 51f
Nebraska, immigrants in, 119–120, 120f
necropolis, Beni Hassan Islamic, Egypt, 207f
neighborhood(s), 304. See also ethnic neighborhoods
neighborhood effect, 13
Nepal, 152, 229f
Nestorians, 184
Netherlands, 108, 108m, 169, 174–175, 175f, 260t
New Age cults, 195
Newbold, K. Bruce, 90
New England. See also Rhode Island; Vermont
fencing in, 244
generic toponyms of, 114–115
mill towns in, 272, 272f
producer services in, 254
rural settlement patterns in, 85
villages of, 322
Newfoundland, Canada, 271–272, 272f
New Guinea, 218, 218f, 228
New Jersey, 312
New Lanark, Scotland, 273, 273f
newly industrializing countries (NICs), 259
Newman, William M., 210
Newman Grove, Nebraska, 119
New Mexico, agriculture in, 244
New Orleans, Louisiana, 289
New York City, New York
as central place, 293
gay culture in, 312
as global city, 286
as international city, 286
legal code and, 172
Little Italy in, 303
population of, 280t
prestigious areas of, 306
suburbanization and, 308
New York state, 263, 312
New Zealand
agriculture in, 222, 229, 243
Kyoto Protocol and, 264
languages spoken in, 101
Maori houses of worship in, 205, 206f
rural settlement patterns in, 86
toponyms in, 115–116
Niemeyer, Oscar, 143
Niger, 62–63, 68
Niger-Congo (Niger-Kordofanian) language family, 94m–95m, 98, 102m
Nigeria, 60t, 132, 152, 206, 206f
Nike, 299
Nile River valley, urbanization in, 282, 283, 285
Nilo-Saharan language, 94m–95m, 110
nirvana, 188
Nissan, 260m
nodes
of functional culture regions, 7
urban, 323
nomadic livestock herding, 222–223, 223f
nonagricultural areas, 226
nonmaterial culture, 30
Norma Rae-Ville, 35, 35m
North Africa. See also specific countries
agriculture in, 223, 234
climate of, 78
death rates in, 64
Islam in, 186
Jews in, 183
language spoken in, 98
nationalism in, 163
North America. See also Canada; Mexico; United States
agriculture in, 213, 215, 224, 229, 243
climate of, 78
ethnic groups in, 126m, 128, 133, 141, 141m
ethnic homelands in, 124f, 125, 125m
houses in, 48f–51f, 49
immigrants to, 121t, 129m–131m, 129–132, 130t
languages spoken in, 97, 110, 110m
population density of, 59
refugees in, 133
urban centralization in, 305–306
urbanization in, 278, 280
urban vegetation in, 315–316
vernacular culture regions in, 37, 39, 39m
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 157, 158t, 268
North Carolina, 160m
North Dakota, 185
North Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 308f
North Woods lake country, 52
Norway, 152, 172, 174f, 266
Norwegian Days (Newman Grove, Nebraska), 119
Norwine, Jim, 17
Nostrand, Richard L., 147
Nostratic language, 103–104
nuclear energy, 19, 172, 265, 265m
nucleation, 25
Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, 270, 270f, 270m
Oakes, Timothy S., 27
Oakland, California, 288–289
Obama, Barack, 122, 160
Occupy Wall Street (OWS) movement, 165
oceans. See also specific oceans
ice in, 263
linguistic ecology and, 106
overfishing and, 261–262
population ecology and, 79
rising levels of, 264
office parks, 325, 325f
off-road recreational vehicles, damage done by, 46
offshore-island sites, 289, 289f
Oklahoma, 43, 110, 110m
Olds, Kris, 287, 300
Old Yankee Rows, 34–35, 35m
O’Loughlin, John, 176
Olwig, Kenneth, 176
Oman, 72t, 106
one-drop rule, 122
O’Neill, Nebraska, 120
Ontario, Canada, 172
Ontario farmhouses, 48f, 49
organic agriculture, 235–236
organic view of nature, 20
orthodox religions, 180–181
Osaka, Japan, 280t
Ostler, Nicholas, 117
Otsuchi, Japan, 19, 19f
Outback (Australia), 8, 9f
outsourcing, 267, 268f
overfishing, 261–262
Owen, Robert, 273
OWS (Occupy Wall Street) movement, 165
Oxford, England, 290
ozone depletion, 264
Ozone Watch web site, 275
Pacific islands, 59, 108
Pacific Ocean, 106, 265
Pacific region, agriculture in, 225
paddy rice farming, 217, 217f, 232
Page, Stephen J., 275
Pakistan
Afghan refugees in, 134, 134m
division from India, 153
Islam in, 186
languages spoken in, 110
national territory of, 152
population of, 60t
western European immigrants from, 132
Paleosiberian language, 94m–95m, 110
Palestine, 149f
palimpsests, 322
Papua New Guinea, 96, 219f, 245f, 255f, 261f
Papuan language, 94m–95m, 110
Paris, France, 280, 286, 306, 314
Park Slope, Brooklyn, New York, 312
Parsees, 207
Pashupatinath, Nepal, 197f
pathways, urban, 323
Patmos, Greece, 184f
Pattilo, Mary, 328
peasants, 217–218, 218f, 231
pejibaye palm tree, 227
peninsula sites, 289–290
Pennsylvania Dutch, 126, 194
Pennsylvania, gentleman farms in, 54
Penns-ylvanian folk culture region, 32f, 32–33
Pentecostal churches, 201
perestroika, 298
peripheral model, 323–324
periphery, 6
permeable barriers, 12–13
Persian people, 108
personal space, 81–82
Peru, 228, 232, 237, 282
Petermann Glacier, 263
Philippines, 87–88, 108, 130, 186, 191, 259
Phoenix, Arizona, 133m
physical environment, 3, 17. See also cultural ecology; specific types of cultural ecology
physiological population density, 72t, 72–73
Picardie, France, 273f
pictograms, 111
pidgin languages, 96
Pile, Steve, 27
pilgrimages, 199f, 199–200, 200f
Pine Island Glacier, 263
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 290, 291f
place, 22
place images, 48
placelessness, 33–35, 34f, 35m
place names. See toponyms
plagues, 76, 77f, 195, 196f
plantation(s), 219
plantation agriculture, 218–219, 219f
plant domestication, 227m, 227–228, 228m
362
planting by the signs, 45
Poland, 80, 128, 132, 134, 191, 260t
political boundaries, 152–154, 154f
central places and, 294–295
physical properties of, 173–174, 174f
political-cultural interaction, 168–172
cleavage model of, 171m, 171–172
economic impact of, 172
ethnic separatism and, 169–170, 170m
nation-states and, 168–169, 169m
political culture regions, 149–161
electoral geographical regions and, 158–159, 159m, 160m
international political bodies and, 155–157, 156m, 157m, 158t
movement between core and periphery and, 161–165, 162m
states and, 150m–151m, 150–155
U.S. voter preferences and, 159–161, 160m, 161m
political diffusion, 161–165
migration and, 165
movement between core and periphery and, 161–162, 162m
political innovation and, 161–162, 162m, 162–165, 163m, 164m
political ecology, 165–168
chain-of-explanation approach to, 165–166
folk fortresses and, 166, 166m
geopolitics and, 166
heartland theory of, 166–167, 167m
warfare and environmental destruction and, 167–168, 168f
Political Geography, 176
political geography, 149–176. See also entries beginning with term political
definition of, 149
religion and, 200–201, 202f
Political Geography Specialty Group (Association of American Geographers) web site, 176
political landscapes, 172–175
central authority and, 174
legal code and, 172f, 172–173, 173f
national iconography and, 174–175, 175f
physical properties of boundaries and, 173–174, 174f
politics
gentrification and, 312
urbanization and, 281–282
Politische Geographie (Ratzel), 16
pollution, 19, 262–265, 263m, 265m
polyglots, 98, 98f
Polynesia, 101–103, 103m, 108, 109f
polytheistic religions, 180
Popocatépetl, 194
popular culture, 31f, 31–32
cultural interaction in, 46–48
cultural landscapes of, 51–54, 52f, 54f
culture regions and, 35–37, 36m, 37f, 38m
cumulative visible effect on, 54
definition of, 31
diffusion in, 40–44, 41f, 43m, 44m
ecology of, 45–46, 46f
placelessness of, 33–35, 34f, 35m
Popular Culture Association web site, 55
population, urban, 277–278, 278m
population control programs, in China, 67, 82–83, 83f
population density, 58m–59m, 59
absolute, 72
economic conditions and, 82
environmental alteration and, 80, 81f
physiological, 72t, 72–73
population distribution, 59, 60t, 80
population doubling time, 73–74
population ecology, 78–80
environmental influences on, 78–80
population density and, 80, 81f
population distribution and, 80
population explosion, 65, 66f
population geography, 57–89
cultural interaction and, 81–83
cultural landscape and, 84–89
definition of, 57
demographic regions and. See demographic regions
diffusion in, 74–78
population ecology and, 78–80
population growth
attitudes toward, 81
demographic changes and, 88f, 88–89, 89f
urbanization and, 279
zero, 62
population growth rate, 73
population pyramid, 70, 71f
Population Reference Bureau, Inc. web site, 89
Population Registration Act (South Africa), 297
pork production, religion and, 197–198
portage sites, 290, 290f
Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 290
Portes, Alejandro, 286
Portugal
imperialism of, 108, 108m, 163, 169
industrial-economic landscapes in, 271–272
Jews in, 183
toponyms in, 115, 116m
Portuguese language, 97t, 109f
possessive toponyms, 113t
possibilism, 17, 18m, 19
postindustrial phase, 261
postsocialist cities, 298–299, 299f
potatoes, population density and, 81
Prague, Czech Republic, 299, 299f
Pratt, Geraldine, 320
precipitation, 262–263, 263m, 314
prejudice, 122
Price, Edward, 45
Price, Patricia L., 27
primary industries, 252, 253f
industrial revolution and, 257
landscape alteration by, 271–272, 272f
primate cities, 280
Principe, 219
producer services, 253–254
cultural landscape produced by, 274, 274f
Progress in Human Geography, 27
proselytic religions, 180. See also Christianity; Islam
protectionism, 269
Protestantism, 184, 185, 185m
houses of worship of, 204, 204f
religious symbolism of, 205–206
toponyms in, 210
provincial borders, visibility of, 174
PSA Peugeot Citroën S.A., 260m
public housing, 309
Puerto Rican-Americans, 128
Pui-lan, Kwok, 210
purple states, 161
push-and-pull factors, 76
push factors, Mexican immigration and, 129
pyramids
as axis mundi, 283
at Cholula, Mexico, 194
Egyptian, 207
Pyrenees Mountains, 153
Qatar, 75
quality of life, in cities, 280
quarantine, 77
Québec, Canada
agriculture in, 244
folk culture region of, 33
languages spoken in, 101, 111–112
legal code in, 172
place names in, 209, 209f, 210
separatist movement in, 154, 170
Queen’s Day celebration (Netherlands), 174–175, 175f
Queens, New York, 143f
Quichua people, 232, 237
Quincy Market (Boston, Massachusetts), 326f
Qur’an (Koran), 108, 186
race
definition of, 121f, 121–122
identification of, 130
U.S. population by, 120, 121f
Racialicious web site, 146
racialization, 122
racism
apartheid and, 42, 297f, 297–298
definition of, 122
environmental, 138f, 138m, 138–139
housing market and, 309
Radcliffe, Sarah, 27
radioactive pollution, 19, 264–265, 265m
railroads, 109, 174, 257, 257m, 305–306
rain, acid, 262–263, 263m
Raitz, Karl, 52, 54
Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Research Triangle, 254
ranching, 223–224
range, 293
Ratzel, Friedrich, 16
redlining, 309
red states, 160, 160m
Reformation, 184
refugees, 74–75
region(s)
culture. See culture regions
definition of, 2
regional trading blocs, 156–157, 158t
Rehder, John B., 147
reincarnation, in Hinduism, 187
relic boundaries, 154
religion(s), 179–210. See also entries beginning with term religious; specific religions
Abrahamic, 184
as barriers to spread of nonreligious innovations, 194
cultural interaction and, 21
definition of, 179
Dharmic, 188
economy and, 197–198, 198m
ethnic, 180. See also Judaism
ethnicity based on, 122
fundamentalist, 181
on Internet, 201
language and, 106, 108
monotheistic, 180. See also Christianity; Islam; Judaism
363
newer, in United States, 201, 202m
orthodox, 180–181
political geography and, 200–201, 201f
polytheistic, 180
proselytic (universalizing), 180. See also Christianity; Islam
relevance in global world, 201–203, 202m, 203m
syncretic, 180, 181f, 188
urbanization and, 281
world distribution of, 181, 182m
religious culture regions, 181, 182m, 183m, 183–189
religious diffusion, 190m, 190–194
barriers and time-distance decay and, 193–194
East Asian religious hearth and, 191–193, 193f
Indus-Ganges hearth and, 191
Semitic religious hearth and, 190–191, 192m
religious ecology, 194–197
appeasing forces of nature and, 194–195, 194f–196f
ecotheology and, 195–197, 197f
religious landscapes, 203–210
architecture and, 203–207, 204f–206f
burial of dead and, 207f, 207–208, 208f
place names and, 209m, 209–210
sacred spaces and, 208–209, 209f
religious pilgrimages, 199f, 199–200, 200f
relocation diffusion, 10, 10f
agricultural, 229, 230m
disease diffusion and, 76
ethnicity and, 132–135, 133m, 134f, 134m
linguistic, 101–103, 102m, 103m
religious spread by, 190
Relph, Edward, 22, 33
remnant languages, 110, 110m
Rendiles, nomadic herding by, 223
renewable resources, 261f, 261–262, 262m
Republican Party candidates, in United States, 159–161, 160m, 161m
residential areas and neighborhoods, 302–304, 303f, 304f
Resources for the Future web site, 246
restaurants, ethnicity and, 141, 141m
restrictive covenants, 309
return migration, 135
reverse hierarchical diffusion, 42
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), 88
Rhine River valley, winemaking in, 197
Rhode Island, 70
rice
African, diffusion of, 229
paddy farming of, 217, 217f, 232
population density and, 81
terraced farming of, 22f
Riga, Latvia, 175
rimland, 166, 167
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 172, 173f, 277f, 279f, 290
Rio Grande, 153
Riva, Marlena, 68
river-ford sites, 290
river-island sites, 289
river-meander sites, 289
Riverwalk (San Antonio, Texas), 326
Rocky Mountains, 106
rodeo, diffusion of, 42–43, 43m
Rokkan, Stein, 171
Roman Catholic Church, 184–185
church buildings of, 2f, 203–204
decline of, 200–201
Latin language and, 108
pilgrimages and, 199
religious place names and, 209–210
religious symbolism of, 205
in United States, 201
Romance languages, 94m–95m, 96f, 97
Rome, Italy, 200
Romney, Mitt, 160
Ronhua Fried Chicken Company, 47
root digging, 45
root farming, 217–218, 218f, 231
Rosario, Argentina, 280
Roseman, Curtis, 135
Rostow, Walter, 250–252
Rothenberg, Tamar, 312
Rowe, Stacy, 305
row villages, 84f
rural settlement patterns, 84f, 84–86
Rushmore, Mount, 175, 175f
Russia. See also Soviet Union
agriculture in, 224
economic development of, 255
emerging markets in, 268
expansion of, 166–167, 167m
federalism in, 172
folk fortresses of, 166
industry in, 257, 260t
Kyoto Protocol and, 264
language spoken in, 97
national territory of, 161, 162m
population of, 60t
religion in, 191, 196
rural settlement patterns in, 85, 85f
sex ratio in, 70
transportation in, 253
Russian language, 97t, 101, 104t, 109f
Russian Orthodoxy, 184
Rwandan genocide, 167–168, 168f, 170
Saarinen, Thomas, 235
Sachs, Carolyn E., 246–247
Sack, Robert, 51, 152
Sacramento, California, 303f
The Sacred and the Profane (Eliade), 209
Sacred Land Project, 208–209
sacred spaces, 194, 194f, 208–209, 209f
saddlebag houses, 48f, 49
Sahara Desert, 234
Sahel, desertification of, 234, 235m
Sainsbury’s, 240
Saint Basil’s Church (Moscow, Russia), 204f
Saint Patrick, 180, 181f
Sami people, 78
San Antonio, Texas, 326
San Diego, California, 130, 142f
San Fernando Valley, California, 8, 8f
San Francisco, California
development of, 17, 18m
financial district of, 306
gay culture in, 312
gentrification in, 311f
legal code and, 172
producer services around, 254
site and situation of, 288m, 288–289, 290
San Gabriel Valley, California, 128, 128f
San José, California, 310
Santería, 201
São Paulo, Brazil, 280t
São Tomé and Príncipe, 219
Saskatchewan, Canada, 221f
Sassen, Saskia, 286, 300
satellite states, 152
Saudi Arabia, 12, 200, 255
Sauer, Carl, 227, 247
Scandinavia, 128. See also specific countries
Schein, Richard, 147
Scientology, 180
scorched earth, 167
Scotland, 75, 174, 272
Scott, James C., 143
Seager, Joni, 90
sea levels, rising, 264
Seattle, Washington, 138m, 139
secondary industries, 252, 254m
industrial revolution and, 256–257
landscape alteration by, 272f, 272–273, 273f
sector model, 318–319, 319f
secularization, 202m, 202–203
sedentary cultivation, 223
seeds, hybrid, 230
self-determination, 169
Semitic language family, 94m–95m, 98, 106–107
Semitic religious hearth, 190–191, 192m
Senegal, 200
Seoul, South Korea, 280t
Sephardim, 183
Serb(s), ethnic cleansing and, 133
Serbia, 170, 171
Serbian Orthodoxy, 184
service(s), 252–256, 255f, 255m
service industries
cultural landscape produced by, 274
industrial revolution and, 257
settlement forms, 25
settlement landscapes, 83–89
demographic change and, 88–89
gender and, 87–88
historical factors shaping, 86–87, 87f
rural settlement patterns and, 84f, 84–86
Seventh-Day Adventism, 197, 201
sex industry, in Asia, 87–88
sex ratio
in China, 83
geographic variations in, 70
sexuality, gentrification and, 312
shamanism, 189, 189f
Shanghai, China, 280t, 302, 302f, 327f
shantytowns, 88f, 88–89, 89f
sharia, 186, 200
Shasta, Mount, 195, 195f
sheep production, 224
sheltered-harbor sites, 290
Shen, Jianfa, 286
Sheppard, Eric, 275
shifting cultivation, 215–217, 216f, 231
shift toponyms, 113t
Shiite Muslims, 186
Shinto (Shintoism), 188, 189, 195, 199, 200
Shiva, 187, 198
shopping malls, 34, 51, 52, 52f, 324–325
Shortridge, Barbara, 145
Shortridge, James, 145
shotgun houses, 48f, 49
Siberia, 110, 110m, 226
Sibley, David, 320
SICA (Central American Integration System), 156, 158t
Siddhartha Gautama, Prince, 187–188
Sierra Club, 266
364
Sierra Leone, 67
Sikhism, 187, 188
silicon landscapes, 254
Sinai, Mount, 208
Singapore, 104, 173f, 193, 259, 286, 296
Singh, Rana, 194
Singlish, 104
Sino-Burman language family, 97
Sino-Tibetan language family, 94m–95m, 97t, 97–98
site, urban ecology and, 288m, 288–290
situation, urban ecology and, 288–289
Skelton, Tracey, 55
skyscraper(s), 302, 302f
Skyscraper Museum web site, 328
slang, 100–101
slash-and-burn agriculture, 216
Slater, Tom, 328
slavery, 75, 106, 229
Slavic languages, 94m–95m, 96f, 97
sleeping sickness, 79–80
Slovakia, 171
Slovenes, 171
Slovenia, 171
slum(s), 138, 138f, 295–296
Slumdog Millionaire (film), 41
slum households, U.N. definition of, 295
Smith, Jonathan M., 27
Snow, John, 77
Social and Cultural Geography, 27
social culture regions, 302, 303, 303f, 304f
social factors
gentrification and, 311
urban centralization and, 306f, 306–307
urban decentralization and, 308
socialist cities, 298, 298f
social media
Arab Spring and, 164
cultural diffusion and, 11, 11m, 15
Occupy Wall Street movement and, 165
social stratification, 281
soil erosion, 20, 20f
Somalia, 240
Sopher, David E., 210
South Africa
agriculture in, 229, 243
apartheid and, 42, 297f, 297–298
independence of, 163
multiethnicity of, 169, 170m
national territory of, 152, 153m
rural settlement patterns in, 86
urban landscapes of, 297f, 297–298
South America. See also Latin America; specific countries
agriculture in, 215, 229, 243
as center of plant domestication, 228
languages spoken in, 97, 108m, 110, 110m
population density of, 59
population ecology in, 79
states in, 151
South Asia, 108, 132, 188, 229, 229f. See also Southeast Asia; Southwest Asia; specific countries
South Carolina, 106
South Dakota, 185
Southeast Asia. See also specific countries
agriculture in, 215
Buddhism in, 188, 191
industrial landscapes in, 273
languages spoken in, 97, 97t, 98
rice and, 81
South Korea, 188f, 259, 260m, 269, 296. See also Korea
South Los Angeles, California, 140
Southwest Asia, Islam in, 186
sovereignty, 151
Soviet Union, 171, 298, 298f. See also Russia
space, 21
Space and Culture, 12
Space and Polity, 176
Spain
Christianity in, 191
competing core areas in, 162
immigrants in, 76f
imperialism of, 108, 108m
industry in, 260t
Jews in, 183
multiethnicity of, 169
nuclear energy in, 172
toponyms in, 115, 116m
wind power in, 266
Spanglish, 101
Spanish-Americans, 125–126, 141–142
Spanish language, 97t, 99, 99m, 104t, 109f, 135
spine/sector, 296
spiritism, 180
squatter settlements, 295–296
Sri Lanka, 110, 188
St. Patrick’s Day Celebration (O’Neill, Nebraska), 120
stages of development, 15
standard of living, 71–72, 73m, 250
Stanford University, 254
Starbucks, 34
starvation, 239m, 239–240
state(s) (nations), 150m–151m, 150–155
boundaries and, 152–154, 154f
buffer, 152
centrifugal and centripetal forces and, 155
distribution of national territory and, 152, 153m
satellite, 152
spatial organization of territory and, 154–155
state nationalism, 155
State of the Nation’s Cities: A Comprehensive Database on American Cities and Suburbs web site, 328
Statue of Liberty, 175
steel industry, 256–257
stimulus diffusion, 11–12
Stoddard, Robert H., 210
Stout, Frederic, 300
streetcar suburbs, 307
Stromsburg, Nebraska, 119, 120f
strong-point settlements, 86
Stump, Roger, 201, 210
subcultures, 30
sub-Saharan Africa. See also specific countries
age distributions in, 68
agriculture in, 223
death rates in, 64, 64m
Islam in, 191
languages spoken in, 98
total fertility rate in, 62–63
subsidies, agricultural, 269
subsistence agriculture, 216
sub-state nationalism, 155
suburb(s), ethnic diversity in, 313
suburban downtowns, 323–324
suburbanization, 307f, 307–310, 308f
suburban sprawl, 309–310, 310f
Sudan, 82, 88, 134
suitcase farms, 221
Sumerian people, writing and, 108
Sun City, Arizona, 70f
Sunni Muslims, 186
superquadra apartments, 143f, 143–144
supranational organizations, 155, 156m, 157m
surveying, metes and bounds, 244, 245f
survey patterns, 242
sustainability
agricultural, 232–233
definition of, 232, 266
environmental, 266, 266m
of swidden cultivation, 216–217
urbanization and, 292f, 292–293
Suzuki Motor Company, 260m
Swahili language, 96, 98
Swaziland, 64
Sweden, 68, 169, 174f, 260t
Swedish Festival (Stromsburg, Nebraska), 119, 120f
swidden cultivation, 215–217, 216f, 231
Swiss-Americans, 122
Switzerland, 85f, 154, 172, 260t, 267
symbolic landscapes, 24f, 24–25, 25f
syncretic religions, 180, 188
Syria, 98
Tagalog, 104t
Taipei, Taiwan, 302
Taiwan, 193, 217, 259, 296
Taj Mahal (Agra, India), 207, 207f
Taliban government (Afghanistan), 12, 42
Tantrayana Buddhism, 188
Tanzania, 133, 174, 200
Taoic religions, 180, 188, 189
Taoism, 188, 189, 192, 195
burial places and, 207
founder of, 191
origin and diffusion of, 190m, 193
tariffs, 268
Taylor, Peter, 300
technology
agriculture and, 231–232, 233f
communication media, 12, 15, 40, 306. See also Internet; social media
cultural-linguistic interaction and, 108, 108m, 109, 109f, 110–111
possibilism and, 17, 19
technopoles, 254f, 257, 258
Tejano homeland, 126
teleology, 196
Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Bangkok, Thailand), 199f
Tepe Yahya, Iran, 285
terrain, agriculture and, 231, 231m
territoriality, 152
terrorism, tourism and, 255
Texas, 33f, 136, 145–146, 146m, 244, 266, 312
textile industry, 261, 272f, 272–273
texting, 110–111
TFR (total fertility rate), 61–63, 62m, 65, 66f, 68
Thailand, 98, 132, 232
Thames River, 290
Theravada Buddhism, 188
Thomas, David S. G., 246
Three Forks, Montana, 206f
threshold, 293
Thrift, Nigel, 27
Tibet, 85f, 108, 188, 191
Tibeto-Burman language family, 94m–95m, 97–98
365
Tigris-Euphrates river valley. See Iraq
Tikitiki, New Zealand, 206f
time-distance decay, 12
Time Warner, 42
Tobasco, Mexico, 292
Tok Pisin, 96
Tokyo, Japan, 280t, 286, 290
Tokyo-Yokohama megalopolis, 24f, 323
toponyms, 112–116
manufactured, 113t, 113–114
Native American, 115
of past, 115m, 115–116, 116m
possessive, 113t
in Protestantism, 210
religious, 209m, 209–210
types of, 113t, 113–114
of United States, generic, 114–115
topophilia, 22
Torah, 183, 184
Toronto, Ontario, 26, 26f, 143f
total fertility rate (TFR), 61–63, 62m, 65, 66f, 68
tourism, 254–255, 255f, 255m, 266
township and range system, 173, 173f, 243m, 243–244
Toyota Motor Corporation, 260m
trade-route sites, 290, 290f, 291f
transnational corporations, 254f, 257, 258, 259, 260, 260m, 269–270, 270m
transnationalism, 13
transportation
agriculture and, 237f, 237–239, 238m
central places and, 294, 294f
cultural diffusion and, 40
decentralization and suburbanization and, 308–309
highway, central authority and, 174
industrial revolution and, 257
linguistic diffusion and, 109
rail, 109, 174, 257, 257m, 305–306
suburban sprawl and, 310
transportation/communication services, 253
Trans-Siberian Railroad, 109
Treasure Island, Florida, 315f
truck farming, 220
Truth or Consequences, New Mexico, 113–114
Tsubaki Shinto Shrine, 193, 193f
tsunamis
in Indonesia, 290
in Japan, 19, 19f, 290
Tuan, Yi-Fu, 22, 27, 52
Tuareg people, 98
tumbleweed, diffusion of, 230, 230m
Tunisia, 164, 200, 234
Turkey, 111, 260t
Turkic language, 98
Turk(s), 143, 191
Turor Vista, 254
Tuscany, Italy, 126
Tuscarora language, 110
Tutsi people, 133
Tutu, Desmond, 210
Tutu, Mpho, 210
Tyner, James, 87
UAE (United Arab Emirates), 53, 53f
Uganda, 67–68, 133
Ukraine, 70, 253, 257, 265, 265m
Ukrainian Orthodoxy, 184
Ullman, Edward, 319–320
Uluru (Ayers Rock), 8, 9f
Umbanda, 180, 201
UNASUR (Union of South American Nations), 156, 158t
unemployment, in cities, 280
UNESCO Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger web site, 116
uneven development, 15, 307, 308f
Union City, New Jersey, 144
Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), 156, 158t
unitary states, 154
unit-block farms, 84f, 243, 243f
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 53, 53f
United Kingdom. See also England; Great Britain; Scotland; Wales
beef demand in, 241–242, 242f
immigrants in, 76f
industry in, 260t
mad cow disease and, 241–242, 242f
nuclear energy in, 172
population density of, 72t
population growth in, 81
separatist movement in, 170
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) web site, 246
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees web site, 89
United Nations Industrial Development Organization web site, 275
United Nations Statistics Division web site, 299
United States. See also North America; specific cities, regions, and states
acid rain in, 263, 263m
age distribution in, 69, 70f
agricultural fairs in, 40, 40m
agriculture in, 214, 220, 220m, 221f, 221–222, 222f, 224, 232, 234–235, 243m, 243–244
animism in, 189
bilingualism in, 97
border with Mexico, 149f, 172f
boundary with Canada, 153
Buddhism in, 191
containment policy of, 167
death rate in, 65
electoral geographical regions in, 158–161, 160m, 161m
environmental racism in, 138–139
environmental sustainability in, 266
Equal Rights Amendment in, 163, 164m
ethnicity of, 126m, 129m–131m, 129–132, 130t, 131t
exclusive economic zone of, 226, 226m
expansion of, 166
federal housing policies in, 309
folk culture regions of, 30m
Fukushima nuclear accident and, 265
generic toponyms of, 114–115
genetically modified crops in, 240, 241m
homelessness in, 304–305, 305m
houses in, 80
immigrants in, 119–120, 120f
immigration to, 312–314, 313f, 313m
imperialism of, 108
industrial revolution in, 257, 258
industry in, 254f, 257, 258, 260, 260m, 260t, 267
interracial marriages in, 122
Kyoto Protocol and, 264
languages spoken in, 97, 100–101, 104, 104t. See also English language
living standard in, 72
migration within, 76
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) and, 157, 158t, 268
national territory of, 152
Native American reservations in, 138, 154–155
personal space in, 81–82
political unity of, 151
population of, 59, 60t, 72t, 73–74, 120, 121f
producer services in, 254, 254m
Protestantism in, 185, 185m
provincial borders in, 174
religion in, 193, 201–202, 202m
rodeos in, 42–43, 43m
rural settlement patterns in, 86
secularization in, 202, 202m
sex ratio in, 70
territorial structure of, 154
township and range system in, 173, 173f
transportation in, 253, 308–309
urbanization in, 278, 280, 292
wind power in, 266
women’s suffrage in, 163, 164m
United States Census Bureau Population Clocks web site, 89
United States Department of Agriculture web site, 246
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development web site, 299
United States Land Ordinance of 1785, 173
United States Housing Act, 309
universalizing religions, 180. See also Christianity; Islam
University of California at Berkeley, 254
Unleashing the Potential of Urban Growth, 292
Upland South, 33, 45, 49
upright-and-wing dwellings, 48f, 49
Uralic language family, 94m–95m, 98, 103, 106
urban agriculture, 224
Urban Agriculture Notes web site, 246
urban centers, spatial distribution of, 293f, 293–295, 294f
urban cultural diffusion, 280–287, 305–314
centralization and, 305–307
gentrification and, 310–312, 311f
globalization of cities and, 286–287, 287m
from hearth areas, 284–285, 285m
immigration and new ethnic neighborhoods and, 312–314, 313f, 313m
rural-to-urban migration and, 286
suburbanization and decentralization and, 307f, 307–310, 308f
urban hearth areas and, 282m, 282–284, 283f, 284f, 284m
urban cultural interaction, 316–321
central-place theory and, 293f, 293–295, 294f
concentric-zone model and, 317f, 317–318, 318m
critiques of models of, 320–321
multiple-nuclei model and, 319f, 319–320
sector model and, 318–319, 319f
urban cultural landscapes, 295–299, 321–327
of apartheid and postapartheid city, 297f, 297–298
cityscapes and, 321f, 321–323
dynamics of, 322
globalizing cities in developing world and, 295f, 295–296
Latin American, 296–297
megalopolis and edge cities and, 323–324
366
new, urban and suburban, 324–327
reading cityscapes and, 321f, 321–323
of socialist and postsocialist city, 298f, 298–299, 299f
symbolism in, 322f, 322–323
urban culture regions, 278m, 278–280, 302–305
downtowns as, 302, 302f
homelessness and, 304–305, 305m
residential areas and neighborhoods as, 302–304, 303f, 304f
urban ecology, 287–293, 314–316, 315f
hydrology and, 315
natural disasters and, 290, 291f, 292
site and situation and, 288m, 288–290
sustainability and, 292f, 292–293
vegetation and, 315–316
weather and climate and, 216m, 314–315, 315f
urban footprint, 292
Urban Geography, 300
urban hearth areas, 282m, 282–284, 283f, 284f, 284m
diffusion from, 284–285, 285m
urbanization, 277–299. See also cities; entries beginning with term urban; specific cities
culture regions and, 278m, 278–280
impacts of, 279–280, 280t
migration and, 76
patterns and processes of, 278–279, 279f
urbanized population, 277–278, 278m
urban morphology, 321
Urban Studies, 300
urban villages, 323–324
Urdu language, 97t
Uruguay, 238m, 239
U.S. Census Bureau Population Clocks web site, 89
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development web site, 299
U.S. Land Ordinance of 1785, 173
Utah, 85, 185
Valentine, Gill, 12, 55, 312
Vancouver, British Columbia, 23, 23f, 131
Varanasi, India, 200, 204f
varna, 187
Vatican City, 108
vegetation, urban, 315–316
Venice, Italy, 127f, 127m, 289
Vermont, 202
vernacular culture regions, 8f, 8–9, 9f, 37, 39, 39m
Vidal de La Blache, Paul, 16
Vietnam, 98, 133, 136, 188, 193
Vietnamese-Americans, 313, 313f
Vietnamese language, 98, 104t
Vilela language, 110
villages, urban, 323–324
Virginia, 161
Virginia Piedmont, 54
Vishnu, 187, 198
Vodun (Voudou or Voodoo), 180, 181f
Vogeler, Ingolf, 222
Volkswagen Group AG, 260m
voluntary migrants, 74
voluntary migration, 82, 133
von Thünen, Johan Heinrich, 237
von Thünen model, 237f, 237–239, 238m
voting. See electoral geography
Wales, 80. See also Great Britain; United Kingdom
Wallerstein, Immanuel, 176
Walmart, 41–42
Wang-Ch’eng, China, 283f
Ward, Gerard, 102–103
Warf, Barney, 275
warfare, 134, 167–168, 168f
Warner, Sam Bass, 307
Washington, D.C., 143f, 143–144, 303f
watchmaking industry, 267
water
consumption in United States, 315
groundwater depletion, 232
irrigation, 218, 232, 233f, 281
religious meaning of, 206–207
urban flooding, 290, 315
urbanization and, 281, 292, 292f
weather, urban, 314–315, 315f, 316m
Webb, John, 102–103
Weiss, Michael, 34, 55
Welsh language, 108
West Africa, 132, 224, 232–233
West Edmonton Mall, Alberta, Canada, 52, 52f
Western Christianity, 184
Western Europe, 132, 253, 278. See also Europe; specific countries
Western Plains ranch folk culture, 33, 33f
Western Wall (Jerusalem, Israel), 208, 209f
Westmoreland, California, 25f
Weston, Florida, 326
wet-point villages, 86
wheat cultivation, 3m, 3–4, 221f, 221–222, 222f
Wheatley, Paul, 281
White-Americans, urban, 128, 130t
Wiccans, 189
Wilber, Nebraska, 119
wildfires, cities and, 290
Wild West shows, 43
Wilhelm, Eugene, 31
Williams, Raymond, 30
wind power, 266
winemaking, Christianity and, 197
Winnipeg, Manitoba, 129m
Wisconsin, 136, 136m, 185, 235
Wittfogel, Karl, 281
Wolch, Jennifer, 305
women’s suffrage, 163, 164m
Wood, Joseph, 313
Woodside, Queens, New York, 304f
Woods, Tiger, 122
Worcestershire, England, 189f
World Bank web site, 275
World Council of Churches web site, 210
World Englishes, 117
World Health Organization web site, 89
World Trade Organization (WTO), 268
World War II, displaced persons due to, 134
Worldwatch Institute web site, 90, 246, 275
writing, invention of, 108
WTO (World Trade Organization), 268
Wylie, Elvin, 328
Yankee folk houses, 48f, 49
Yankee New England large houses, 48f, 49
Yellow (Huang Ho) River valley, 282
Yeoh, Brenda, 287
Yi-Fu Tuan, 274
yoga, 201
Yonkers, New York, 325f
Yoon, Hong-key, 115
Yosemite National Park, 46
Yucatán, Mexico, 208f
Yugoslavia, dissolution of, 171
yurts, 51f
zakat, 186
Zelinsky, Wilbur, 37, 55
zero population growth, 62
ziggurat, 283, 284m
Zimbabwe, 163, 240
Zimmerer, Karl, 232, 237
zonation, functional, 321
zone of accretion, 296–297
zone of maturity, 296
Zonn, Leo, 48
Zoroastrians, 207