xBookUtils.terms['fn_28_501'] = "Germany is excluded for lack of data. Turkey is excluded because its history and institutions were quite different from those of the other founding members of the OECD.";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_28_502'] = "On innovations that would occur without patents, see Mansfield, E. 1986. Patents and innovation: An empirical study. Management Science 32:173–181. On patents and cumulative innovations, see Bessen, J., and E. Maskin. 2009. Sequential innovation, patents, and imitation. RAND Journal of Economics 40: 611–635. Is there a way to reduce the tradeoff between dynamic and static efficiency? Some ideas are suggested by Tabarrok, A. 2002. Patent theory versus patent law. Contributions to Economic Analysis & Policy 1(1): Article 9. http://www.bepress.com/bejeap/contributions/vol1/iss1/art9. Also Kremer, M. 1998. Patent buyouts: A mechanism for encouraging innovation. Quarterly Journal of Economics 113:1137–1167.";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_28_503'] = "“Rare” is defined as a disease at the bottom quarter of incidence in the United States in 1998; “common” is defined as a disease at the top quarter of incidence. See Lichtenberg, Frank R., and Joel Waldfogel. June 2003. Does misery love company? Evidence from pharmaceutical markets before and after the Orphan Drug Act. NBER working paper W9750, Washington, DC. http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=414248.";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_28_504'] = "Romer, Paul. 2007. Economic growth. In David R. Henderson (ed.), The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund.";